A total of 116 Escherichia coli isolates from cecal contents of 81 indigenous wild birds in Korea were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Seventy-one isolates from sparrows (Passer montanus) and one isolate from doves (Columba livia) were resistant to three antimicrobials, including streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (SSuT). PCR and subsequent sequence analysis revealed the SSuT gene cluster region (approximately 13 kb) harboring genes encoding resistance to streptomycin (strA and strB), sulfonamide (sul2), and tetracycline (tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetR). In particular, tetracycline resistance genes were located on the transposon Tn10-like element. The SSuT element-harboring E. coli can be an important source of the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to other pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, strict sanitary measures in human and animal environments are necessary to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria through fecal residues of wild birds.
After fowl typhoid (FT) incidence rapidly increased in domestic poultry farms after the late 1990s, the Korean government decided to introduce an attenuated live FT vaccine (SG9R) in 2001, despite a lack of preparation, in response to strong complaints from poultry farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the FT-protective effect of the live vaccine (SG9R) was properly expressed in areas that were seriously contaminated with FT, such as in Korea. This study examined the protective effect of the live vaccine (SG9R) through an analysis of the changes in FT outbreaks in poultry farms across the country using national big data (AIMS) for a total of 28 years (from 1995 to early 2023). The results of the analysis of the national AIMS data over the 28-year period showed that the attenuated live FT vaccine (SG9R) was introduced with insufficient preparation but still produced a positive FT protective effect in poultry farms that were seriously contaminated with FT in Korea.
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