In this study, the proton is taken as an ensemble of quark-gluon Fock states. Using the principle of balance that every Fock state should be balanced with all of the nearby Fock states (denoted as the balance model), instead of the principle of detailed balance that any two nearby Fock states should be balanced with each other (denoted as the detailed balance model), the probabilities of finding every Fock state of the proton are obtained. The balance model can be taken as a revised version of the detailed balance model, which can give an excellent description of the light flavor sea asymmetry (i.e., u = d) without any parameter. In case of g ⇔ gg sub-processes not considered, the balance model and the detailed balance model give the same results. In case of g ⇔ gg sub-processes considered, there is about 10 percent difference between the results of these models. We also calculate the strange content of the proton using the balance model under the equal probability assumption.

Taking proton as an ensemble of quark-gluon Fock states and using the principle of detailed balance, we construct a simple statistical model for parton distribution of proton. The recent observed Bjorken-x dependent light flavor sea quark asymmetryd(x) −ū(x) can be well reproduced by Monte Carlo simulation as a pure statistical effect.

It is known that the thermal conductivity of a dilute gas can be derived by using kinetic theory. We present here a new derivation by starting with two known entropy production principles: the steepest entropy ascent (SEA) principle and the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle. A remarkable feature of the new derivation is that it does not require the specification of the existence of the temperature gradient. The known result is reproduced in a similar form.

It is known that the ionic conductivity can be obtained by using the diffusion constant and the Einstein relation. We derive it here by extracting it from the steady electric current which we calculate in three ways, using statistics analysis, an entropy method, and an entropy production approach.