Between one and six subspecies of Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have been proposed based on morphological differences and/or their geographic distribution. In this study, a 489 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region was amplified from 230 DNA samples collected from rhesus macaques in the Sichuan province in Western China. The fragment was then sequenced and aligned with 208 sequences from wild rhesus macaques, sampled throughout the species' geographic range in China downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the 182 unique sequences identified among these samples divided Chinese rhesus macaques into two western haplogroups (haplogroups A and B) and three older eastern haplogroups (haplogroups C, D, and E), whose differentiation probably occurred during the penultimate glacial event. During the warming after the penultimate glacial event, haplogroups A, B, and E rapidly expanded and a relatively young subhaplogroup of haplogroup E, E', limited to Southern China but shared with Vietnamese rhesus macaques, was reintroduced from Indochina during the last glacial event. One haplotype most closely related to subhaplogroup E' probably represents the isolation of Hainan Island, to where it is restricted, from the mainland by the formation of the Qiongzhou Strait approximately 8,500 years ago. The distribution of haplogroups both informs the phylogeographic history of dispersal of Chinese rhesus macaques and has implications for their suitability as animal models in biomedical research.
Ten novel MHC-DPB1 alleles of Tibetan macaque, were identified by cloning and sequencing.
Cross-species amplification of twenty-five SSR loci from the DNA of five rhesus macaques of diverse regional origins was conducted using human primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seven of these primer pairs, which consistently and unambiguously amplified polymorphic fragments from these five samples, were also used to amplify SSR loci for 111 Sichuan wild rhesus macaques of five different populations. The analysed microsatellite markers produced 109 alleles, varied from 4 to 16 alleles each locus. The number of alleles per population ranged from 6.79 to 11.38. Polymorphic information content showed that all seven loci were highly informative (mean = 0.9017±0.0166, >0.5). The average observed heterozygosity was less than the expected (mean = 0.6795 and mean = 0.8559, respectively). Genetic differentiation among the populations was considerably low with the overall and pairwise FST values (mean = 0.0375), and showed fairly low level of inbreeding (indicated by a mean FIS value of 0. 0.1991). Maintaining genetic diversity is a major issue in conservation biology. In comparison to other captive Macaca mulatta studies, these wild rhesus macaque populations showed a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and there was low gene flow among these populations. Careful genetic management is important for maintaining genetic variability levels. None of the seven informative loci are linked which screened in this study can be applied in future studies on population and conservation genetics of natural primate populations.
We report here the identification of eight new Math-DPB1 alleles in the Tibetan macaques.
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is perhaps the most widely distributed nonhuman primate, is used more extensively than any other primate species as animal models for the study of biomedicine. In this study, we sequenced and analysed a fragment of 491 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) partial control region in 230 individuals belonging to 8 populations of Sichuan province of China. Among the 230 individuals, we observed 56 different haplotypes defined by 110 polymorphic sites. The average number of nucleotide differences (k) was 18.844, indicating that very high genetic differentiation and the extant Sichuan wild rhesus macaques population consists of diverse genetic groups in their maternal lineage. The mtDNA haplotypes of these Sichuan wild rhesus macaques clustered into two main clades (CladeⅠand Clade Ⅱ), may correspond toM. m. vestitusandM.m.lasiotis.
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