Advanced surface ablation was associated with statistically significantly more postoperative pain than PRK on postoperative day 1. A greater percentage of patients reported more pain in the advanced surface ablation-treated eyes on day 3. Refractive surgeons should consider the postoperative pain associated with advanced surface ablation when deciding on the type of epithelial debridement for their patients.

Background: To provide a review for general practitioners and medical specialists about the most common eye complaints and ocular manifestations in a COVID-19 patient. Methods: Reviewed 50 articles referenced in 4 databases from 20 December 2019 to 16 September 2020. Results: Of the 50 articles reviewed, 26 met the criteria for analysis and were included in the study. Among them were 5 reviews, 6 case series, 7 case reports, 4 cross-sectional studies, 2 systematic reviews, 1 cohort study and 1 correspondence. We found that the prevalence of ocular manifestations in patients during the course of COVID-19 varied between 0.8% and 31.6%, depending on the study design. Symptoms of acute conjunctivitis were the most frequent clinical findings. Acute phase reactants were also correlated to ocular manifestations and the severity of the systemic disease in many reports. Conclusions: Ocular manifestations are not uncommon in COVID-19 patients and have been associated with higher levels of acute phase reactants as well as a higher degree of severity of the systemic disease. We recommend that all physicians consider COVID-19 as a differential diagnosis in the presence of acute conjunctivitis with or without systemic symptoms.

Lodoxamide 0.1% is an efficacious therapeutic alternative for the treatment of active and chronic SLK. This medication has proved to be safe and well tolerated.

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die Bedeutung einer genauen Bestimmung der zentralen Hornhautdicke (CCT) ergibt sich unter anderem auf ihren diagnostischen und therapeutischen Implikationen bei Glaukom, Hornhautektasie, Hornhautödem, Überwachung der Endothelfunktion, und der Eignung für refraktive Chirurgie. Ziel der Studie war es, die Wiederholbarkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit, Korrelation und laterale Variationen von CCT-Messungen mittels Pentacam-HR und dem Standard-Ultraschall-A-Scan (USP) zu analysieren. Methoden: Es wurde eine Querschnittsstudie mit CCT-Messungen an gesunden Personen durchgeführt, die von drei unabhängigen Untersuchern mittels Pentacam-HR und dem USP vorgenommen wurde. Die Abweichungen von Intra-Beobachter- und Inter-Beobachter wurden mit Intraklassen-Korrelationskoeffizienten (ICCs) berechnet. Bland-Altman-Plots und 95 %-Übereinstimmungsgrenzen (95 % LoA) wurden verwendet, um die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Geräten zu bewerten. Die lineare Korrelation wurde mit dem Pearson-Koeffizienten berechnet. Ergebnisse: Dreißig Personen (60 Augen), 10 (33,3%) Männer und 20 (66,6%) Frauen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 30,0+9,1 Jahren wurden untersucht. Es wurden keine statistischen Unterschiede in den CCT-Messungen zwischen Pentacam-HR (Bereich 500–609μm) und USP (Bereich 498–628μm) festgestellt. Es gab einen hohen Korrelationsgrad bei der Wiederholbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit jedes unabhängigen Geräts (ICC>0,90). Die Pearson-Korrelation zwischen 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3 und 3 vs. 1 Pentacam-HR-Versuchen waren 0,914, 0,958 bzw. 0,925 (p<0,001). Die entsprechenden Ergebnisse für USP waren 0,957, 0,957 bzw. 0,943 (p<0,001). Die Pentacam-HR überschätzte die CCT tendenziell um eine mittlere Differenz von 3,77 μm (95% LoA, -24,9 – 18,4). Außerdem, das rechte Auge wurde mit dem Pentacam-HR-Gerät ebenfalls überschätzt (-3,6+14,1μm), während das linke Auge unterschätzt wurde (1,3+11,1μm). Schlussfolgerung: Das Pentacam-HR-Gerät liefert zuverlässige, bedienerunabhängige CCT-Schätzungen. Das rechte Auge zeigte eine Tendenz zur Überschätzung mit der Pentacam-HR. Wir vermuten, dass ein solcher Unterschied auf eine USP-Unterschätzung in Bezug auf die Position des Patienten während der Durchführung der Studie zurückzuführen ist. In klinisch relevanten Szenarien kann die Durschführung einer dritten Messung des rechten Auges eine höhere Genauigkeit bieten. Abstract: Background/Aim: The importance of an accurate determination of central corneal thickness (CCT) relies on its diagnostic and therapeutic implications in glaucoma, corneal ectasias, corneal edema and endothelial function monitoring, refractive surgery suitability, among others. We aimed to analyze the repeatability, reproducibility, correlation, and laterality variations of CCT measurements performed with the Pentacam-HR and the standard-of-care ultrasound A-scan (USP). Methods: A cross-sectional study including CCT measurements of healthy individuals performed by three independent examiners with the Pentacam-HR and USP was conducted. Intra-observer and inter-observer variations were calculated with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Bland–Altman plots and 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) were used to assess the agreement between devices. Linear correlation was calculated with Pearson's coefficient. Results: Thirty individuals (60 eyes), 10 (33.3%) men, and 20 (66.6%) women with a mean age of 30.0+9.1 years were studied. No statistical differences were found in CCT measurements between Pentacam-HR (range 500–609μm) and USP (range 498–628μm). There was a high degree of correlation in repeatability and reproducibility of each independent device (ICC>0.90). Pearson’s correlation between 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 1 Pentacam-HR attempts were 0.914, 0.958, and 0.925, respectively (p<0.001). Corresponding results for USP were 0.957, 0.957, and 0.943 (p<0.001). The Pentacam-HR tended to overestimate CCT by a mean difference of 3.77μm (95% LoA, -24.9–18.4). Right eyes were also overestimated (-3.6+14.1μm) with the Pentacam-HR device, whereas left eyes were underestimated (1.3+11.1 μm). Conclusions: The Pentacam HR device provides reliable operator independent CCT estimates. Right eyes presented an overestimation tendency with the Pentacam HR. We suspect such difference is due to USP underestimation related to patients´ position while performing the study. In clinically relevant scenarios, performing a third measurement and cautiously measuring right eyes can provide higher accuracy.

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This chapter aims to bring to the fore cutting-edge research on how globalization is changing medical education by e-learning, remote simulation, and new emerging technologies. In particular, the authors wish to contribute to critical thinking about the conceptualization, investigation, and theorization of how medical education is changing and how medical schools and residency programs in different countries are being transformed according to health and educational needs. In this chapter, the authors reviewed telemedicine and remote simulation and how globalization plays an essential role in it.

Entrance examinations for postgraduate students are used by institutions to value their capacity to perform during their studies and excel in professional practice. The medical field leverages this practice for postgraduate students to select the best candidates to enter a rigorous program where participants are responsible for patients outcomes. Therefore it is important to analyze the quality and predictability of those examinations. The objective of this study was to analyze the predictability of the medical residency entrance examination for academic performance. As part of the analysis, we correlated the academic performance of the 2018 generation of graduates in thirteen medical specialties at Tecnologico de Monterrey, with 64 students' test scores. Academic performance was divided into students who graduated with honors and excellence (scores ≥90) and without honors. The admission test score has an 800-points total and was classified as high (≥600) and standard(≥550). The results show that from the participants, 37 had high entrance scores, of those 92% graduated with honors and excellence, and from the other 27 graduates which had a standard entrance score, 78% graduated with honors and excellence. The predictive positive value was 92% and the negative predictive value was 22%, whereas sensibility and specificity were calculated as 62% and 66%, respectively. Tecnologico de Monterrey's admission test had a predictive value in medical specialties academic performance whereas not in negative predictive value, which could evidentiate that the formation in the academic program itself contributed to students' professional and personal development. Factors like this might affect the sensibility and specificity values, further students would integrate more elements of performance scores to have added specificity and sensibility to assess and document performance Keywords: Higher education, Educational innovation, Medical education, Academic Performance, Residency programs, Admission test