We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by~2500 BCE and, by~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
Le niveau coquillier de Beg-an-Dorchenn (Plomeur, Finistère) a fait l’objet d’une étude interdisciplinaire visant, d’une part à calculer la valeur de l’effet réservoir pour cette zone du littoral atlantique, d’autre part à comprendre comment les hommes du Mésolithique installés à proximité de la mer ont exploité leur environnement, à partir notamment d’un sondage de 2 m2 réalisé en 2001. Par la datation conjointe de sept coquilles et d’un charbon, il semble que l’âge apparent de la mer à cet endroit au Mésolithique final soit de 180 ± 65, avec un R de -260 ± 65. La date de constitution de ce niveau coquillier se place dans l’intervalle 5640-5550 avant notre ère. Le tamisage fin (2 mm) opéré sur le site permet d’obtenir une vision plus complète du mode de vie et des industries lithiques. Ce mode d’échantillonnage montre que de petits restes autrefois négligés comme les fragments de doigts de crabe sont les témoins de ressources alimentaires qui ont pu composer une part non négligeable des régimes alimentaires. Les armatures lithiques sont principalement des trapèzes symétriques à troncatures concaves caractéristiques du faciès Beg-er-Vil du Téviecien. Les ressources marines identifiées (coquillages, crabes, poissons, oiseaux) correspondent à une exploitation très diversifiée des environnements marins accessibles près du site de Beg-an-Dorchenn à marée basse. Les mammifères terrestres et les végétaux correspondent également à une exploitation locale des ressources. La combinaison des moments potentiels d’accès à l’ensemble des ressources alimentaires permet d’émettre des hypothèses quant au mode de résidence de ces dernières populations mésolithiques. Si des marqueurs indiquent clairement une occupation à la belle saison (poissons et coquillages), la disponibilité des ressources marines autoriserait une occupation à n’importe quel autre moment, en continu ou non.
In this study we present evidence of braided plant fibres and basketry imprints on clay recovered from Coves de Santa Maira, a Palaeolithic-Mesolithic cave site located in the Mediterranean region of Spain. The anatomical features of these organic fibre remains were identified in the archaeological material and compared with modern Stipa tenacissima (esparto grass). Based on direct dating, the fragments of esparto cord from our site are the oldest worked plant fibres in Europe. Sixty fragments of fired clay are described. The clay impressions have allowed us to discuss the making of baskets and containers. According to their attributes and their functional interpretation, we have grouped them into five types within two broad categories, hearth plates and baskets or containers. The clay pieces identified as fragments of containers with basketry impressions are less common than those of hearth plate remains and they are concentrated in the Epipalaeolithic occupation material (13.2-10.2 ka cal bp). The clay impressions from Santa Maira indicate that some fibres were treated or flattened, a preparation process that is known from historical and ethnological sources.
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