Major changes are taking place in public health nursing in Japan. These include significant developments in employment, education, and roles of public health nurses (PHNs). Demographic and economic factors have prompted the Japanese government to focus health service delivery on community-based care, particularly for the growing elderly population. Public health nurses are redefining their roles and are assuming important functions in planning, implementing, and evaluating community health programs for the elderly. Japanese PHNs are using a variety of health promotion strategies to initiate change at the local level. This article presents two case studies to highlight the leadership role of PHNs in creating new services that foster healthy communities.
This study described the career anchors among occupational health nurses in Japan. The participants emphasized the following: the importance of maintaining good cooperative relationships with workers and supervisors; balancing professional and organized labor; and practicing effective occupational health services. Moreover, the occupational health nurses emphasized receiving approval from inside and outside of the organization. These results were consistent with the actual practices of occupational health nursing.
Objectives: This study aimed to develop the Career Anchors Scale among Occupational Health Nurses (CASOHN) and evaluate its reliability and validity.Methods: Scale items were developed through a qualitative inductive analysis of interview data, and items were revised following an examination of content validity by experts and occupational health nurses (OHNs), resulting in a provisional scale of 41 items. A total of 745 OHNs (response rate 45.2%) affiliated with the Japan Society for Occupational Health participated in the self-administered questionnaire survey.Results: Two items were deleted based on item-total correlations. Factor analysis was then conducted on the remaining 39 items to examine construct validity. An exploratory factor analysis with a main factor method and promax rotation resulted in the extraction of six factors. The variance contribution ratios of the six factors were 37.45, 7.01, 5.86, 4.95, 4.16, and 3.19%. The cumulative contribution ratio was 62.62%. The factors were named as follows: Demonstrating expertise and considering position in work (Factor 1); Management skills for effective work (Factor 2); Supporting health improvement in groups and organizations (Factor 3); Providing employee-focused support (Factor 4); Collaborating with occupational health team members and personnel (Factor 5); and Compatibility of work and private life (Factor 6). The confidence coefficient determined by the split-half method was 0.85. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.95, whereas those of the six subscales were 0.88, 0.90, 0.91, 0.80, 0.85, and 0.79, respectively. Conclusions: CASOHN was found to be valid and reliable for measuring career anchors among OHNs in Japan.
Aim The aim of this study was to develop a self‐assessment tool, the Role Performance Scale for Middle‐aged Generalist Nurses in Japan and confirm its reliability and validity. Methods Scale items were extracted from interviews, and item and scale‐level validity were rated by nursing management researchers and middle‐aged generalist nurses. The resulting 36‐item questionnaire was administered to clinical generalist nurses (middle‐aged nurses, n = 837; young nurses, n = 800) in Japan. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, and the tool's internal consistency and construct validity were analyzed. Results Valid responses obtained from 504 middle‐aged and 311 young generalist nurses were included in the analysis. The final scale was composed of 25 items, which were divided into five factors: “backing up head nurses,” “instructing young nurses on practices as an informal mentor,” “providing young nurses with mental support,” “providing empathic support to patients and their families,” and “coordinating team medical care.” In the confirmatory factor analysis, the indices of fitness supported these results. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .94 for the total scale and ranged from .72 to .91 for the five factors. The five factors explained a cumulative variance of 65.4%. Conclusions The five‐factor, 25‐item Role Performance Scale for Middle‐aged Generalist Nurses in Japan was confirmed to have sufficient reliability and validity. Middle‐aged generalist nurses can use this tool to self‐assess their nursing behavior. In addition, head nurses can use it to assess the role performance of middle‐aged generalist nurses and aid in their continual education.
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