In this study, we examined the life history characteristics of the parrotfish Calotomus japonicus, using individuals collected between May 2003 and May 2008 off the Nagasaki Peninsula in northwest Kyushu, Japan. Age determinations were performed using scales. Marginal increment analysis revealed that growth rings were formed annually around July. Growth in both sexes was fitted to the von Bertalanffy growth function (L ? = 513, k = 0.28, t 0 = 0.03, where L ? is the theoretical asymptotic total length in mm, k is the growth rate coefficient and t 0 is the theoretical time at zero length). Observed maximum age for both sexes was 8 years. We also characterized the reproductive biology of this species based on a gonadosomatic index and histological examinations of the gonads. The spawning season extends from July to October, with peak spawning activity occurring during July and August. Fish reach sexual maturity by the second year of life. Females are assumed to be multiple spawners, since we observed specimens with postovulatory follicles in ovaries containing either yolk globule oocytes or migratory nucleus oocytes. All males had secondary testes, which were characterized by the presence of an ovarian lumen structure and sperm sinuses in the gonadal wall. This indicates that all males, irrespective of whether they were initial or terminal phase males, had undergone a sexual transition. Sex change appears to occur during the spawning season, and thereafter sex-changed males are able to fertilize female eggs throughout the remainder of the current spawning season.
ObjectiveThe prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children is 7.2%, and ADHD is divided into clinical subtypes.
MethodsThe current study explored whether specific cognitive profiles as assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-IV could be obtained for each clinical ADHD subtype (ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type) and investigated the correlation between WISC scores and parental age at their children’s birth or birthweight. The enrolled sample comprised 12 ADHD-I and 15 ADHD-C subjects.
ResultsAn impaired Processing Speed Index was found in ADHD-I. The age of the father at the child’s birth and birthweight positively correlated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score in the WISC assessment.
ConclusionInattentiveness within the behaviors of the children with ADHD-I is partly due to the impaired processing speed, therefore effective support for ADHD will be conducted if educator decreases their speaking speed. Since biological basis of ADHD is still largely unknown, future studies using both psychological and biological methods will reveal the etiology of ADHD. These scientific assessments will provide information for more effective approaches in the care of children with ADHD.
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