Pearl millet has recently emerged as a significant irrigated summer season cereal crop in northwestern India. But its flowering coincides with air temperatures of ≥40 • C, leading to reduced seed set and poor grain yield in most of the available hybrids, although a few hybrids with good seed set and high yield potential are widely cultivated. Under a recent initiative to diversify the genetic base of heat tolerant hybrids, field screening of 221 hybrid parental lines (both Band R-lines), 53 germplasm accessions and 4 improved populations over four-year period revealed large genetic variability in seed set at daily maximum air-temperature of ≥42 • C during flowering. Two locations data on 46 medium maturing genotypes screened during summer 2009 showed that seed set in pearl millet started declining when maximum air temperatures reached 42 • C and decreased in curvilinear fashion to 20 percent at 46 • C. Similar relationship of seed set with minimum and mean temperature was observed with threshold values of 26.4 • C and 34.2 • C, respectively. Similarly, the relationship of percent seed set with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) showed threshold value of 6.2 kPa for maximum VPD, 1.2 kPa for minimum VPD and 3.7 kPa for mean VPD. Seed set on 2 each of heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes fitted well on the seed set-temperature response curve for the maximum, minimum and mean air temperatures. Based on 3 to 4 year field screening (2009-2012), five hybrid seed parents (ICMB 92777, ICMB 05666, ICMB 00333, ICMB 02333 and ICMB 03555) and a germplasm accession IP 19877 with 61 to 69% seed set as compared to 71% seed set in a heat tolerant commercial hybrid 9444 (used as a control) was identified. Intra-population variability for heat tolerance was observed in four populations, and highly heat tolerant progenies from two of them were identified. Evaluation of six hybrid parents under controlled environment (maximum temperature of 43 • C and minimum temperature of 22 • C) revealed boot-leaf stage of pearl millet plant to be more heat sensitive than panicle-emergence stage, and investigations on 6 A-/B-pairs under controlled environment (max. temperature of 44 • C and min. temperature of 22 • C) revealed female reproductive system of pearl millet to be more heat sensitive than pollen. Comparison of 23 hybrids and their parents for seed set at high air temperature (>42 • C) showed heat tolerance as a dominant trait, implying heat tolerance in one parent would be adequate to produce heat tolerant hybrids in pearl millet. Heat tolerant composite developed using identified lines showed high mean seed set under high air temperatures during flowering.
Detection of abnormal cervical cytology by pap's smear and comparison between rural and urban women".ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: This study was carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology G.R. Medical College Gwalior (MP). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of malignant and pre malignant cases of cancer cervix in women attending outdoor patient department of G R medical college Gwalior. To find out the role of PAP's smear in early detection of premalignant and early carcinoma cervix and to compare the results between urban and rural women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a total of 400 subjects were selected attending outdoor patient department of G R medical college Gwalior with equal number of urban and rural areas. Information about age, parity, age at marriage, complaints, clinical findings, Pap's smears were prepared and histological interpretations were recorded. RESULTS: Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 31-40 years. Mean age at marriage was 17.5 years for woman of rural areas and that for urban woman was 21.5 years. In the rural patients highest number were P2-P4 (53%) followed by > P4 (46.5%). In urban patients too maximum number of patients had parity between P2-P4 (69.5%) followed by > P4 (28.5%). Grand multiparity was seen in 20.5% among rural women as compared to 1.5 % among urban women. Among the rural patients use of barrier method of contraception was only 12% while in urban areas it was 30%. Percentage of couples who were not using any contraception was 47.5% in rural area and 33% in urban area. The most common presenting complaint was white discharge among both rural and urban groups (75% vs. 72%). The most common clinical finding was cervical erosion (57.5%) Histopathological interpretation of Pap's smear revealed cervical squamous epithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL) in 10.5% smears of rural and 4.5% smears of urban women. A total of 4% smears were found positive for malignancy in rural women as compared to 1.5% smears in urban women.
Background: Caesarean section is the most commonly performed major surgery among women. The aims and objective of this study was to know the incidence of primary Caesarean section in multigravidas, its indications and to know the maternal and foetal outcome among these patients.Methods: It was a prospective study of primary caesarean section in multigravida admitted at Kamla Raja Hospital, G.R. Medical College and J. A. Group of Hospitals, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh, India) during the period of 1 year from September 2014 to August 2015. Multigravida with pregnancy of >28 weeks gestation (gravida 2 and above), each of whom has had a previous vaginal delivery of > 20 weeks gestation were included. Women with previous abortions and previous section and Pregnancy with medical disorders were excluded.Results: During the study period of one year, total 8185 deliveries occurred, out of which 3061 (37.39%) underwent caesarean section and 386 (12.61%) were primary caesarean section in multigravida. Out of these multigravida patients who underwent primary caesarean section- most of the patients were unbooked (77.72%). Majority of the cases were direct admission in the hospital (61.13%). Maximum number of the patients were in the age group of 25-30 years (55.95%). Two third of the patients were literate (69.44%) Maximum number of patients were Gravida 2 (49.72%). Almost all of them (95.85%) underwent emergency caesarean section. The most common indication for primary LSCS in multigravida patients was Malpresentation 115 (29.79%) followed by Fetal distress in 71 (18.39%) patients, APH in 71 (18.39%), Obstructed labour in 33 (8.55%), Severe preeclampsia and Antepartum eclampsia in 39 (10.1%), Twin pregnancy in 21 (5.44%). Most common maternal complication was pyrexia 40 (10.36%). Postoperative morbidity was 21.24% among unbooked, 14.25% in Referred, 23.58% in those operated as an emergency, 12.43% in patients belonging to of low socioeconomic status and 3.88%, in patients with moderate to severe anemia. Birth asphyxia was found in 6.21% of neonates. Neonatal mortality was 2.33%. Neonatal mortality is more in Unbooked cases (90.47%).Conclusions: Many unforeseen complications occur in women who previously had a normal vaginal delivery. It is recommended that all antenatal patients must be booked and receive proper and regular antenatal care. Also 100% deliveries in multigravida should be institutional deliveries in order to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Background: Advanced maternal age, generally signify age after 35 years at the time of delivery. It is associated with decreased fertility and increased risk.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in Kamla Raja Hospital, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior (M.P.) during the period of one year from July 2015 to June 2016. Pregnant women aged 35 years and older at the time of delivery were selected and analyzed for maternal and perinatal outcome.Results: A total no. of 288 elderly pregnant patients were selected for the study. Most of the cases were in the age group 35 to 39 years (89.93%). Multi gravida (71.8%) and grand multi para (22.22%) constituted the largest group. Most of the cases belong to lower socio-economic status (90%). Percentage of unbooked cases was 82.98%. The causes of delay in pregnancy were preference for male child (23.95%) and unwareness of contraception (21.52%). The incidence of diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension were increased. Overall cesarean rate was increased (35%). Incidence of abortions 28(9.72%), preterm delivery 18(6.25%), oligohydramnios 18(6.25%), APH 18(6.25%) and PROM 17(5.90%), low birth weight baby 30(13.19%), NICU admission 20 (6.94%), IUGR 11(3.81%) all were high. The preference for male child 69(23.95%) and lack of awareness 62(21.52%) were two major reason for continuing pregnancies and deliveries till late age.Conclusions: The present study showed that pregnancy at advanced age is a higher risk pregnancy in term of increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is one of the world's hardiest warm‐season cereal crop cultivated for food and animal feed in the semi‐arid tropics of Asia and Africa. This crop faces terminal drought during rainy and flowering‐stage heat stress during summer seasons. Blast is emerging as a serious threat affecting its production and productivity in India. Using wild P. violaceum (Lam) Rich. and pearl millet cultivars, prebreeding populations were developed following backcross method. These populations were evaluated in target ecologies in India at three locations during the 2018 summer season for flowering‐stage heat stress and at two locations during the 2018 rainy season for terminal drought stress. A total 18 introgression lines (ILs) from Population (Pop) 3 exhibited improved seed set under high heat stress vs. the cultivated parent, whereas no IL was better than the cultivated parent in Pop 4. Under rainfed conditions at Hisar and Bawal, India, 19 ILs from Pop 3 and 16 ILs from Pop 4 showed significantly higher dry fodder yield than the cultivated parents. Further, screening of ILs for five diverse pathotype isolates—Pg 45, Pg 138, Pg 186, Pg 204, and Pg 232—of blast resulted in the identification of resistant ILs. Use of these promising ILs in breeding programs will assist in developing new varieties and hybrids with improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The study indicated the genetic differences between the parents involved in crossing and also highlighted the importance of precise phenotyping of wild species for target trait prior to use in prebreeding work.
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