Numerosos estudios, sobre todo en las últimas décadas, han señalado el progresivo aumento del número de migrantes realizando trabajo agrícola en los Estados del centro global. Desde el paradigma de la ecología-mundo, se teorizó sobre el hecho de que este fenómeno mundial constituía una estrategia sistémica para mantener estables y bajos los precios de la comida, siendo la producción de ésta, un pilar que sustenta las fases de acumulación del capitalismo. Con el objetivo de contribuir a reforzar dicha teoría, este artículo pretende, a través de un estudio de casos comparados, dimensionar este fenómeno. Así, se dará cuenta a través de las estadísticas oficiales disponibles, de la magnitud del irreversible y estructural proceso de “migrantización” del trabajo agrícola ocurrido en las áreas centrales mundiales entre mediados del siglo pasado y principios de este.

Through the perspective of world-ecology, one of the most recent approaches in international relations, we aim to analyse global capitalism as an ecological project based on the appropriation of human and extra-human nature oriented to support capital accumulation process. Agriculture and its labour force occupy a central role in maintaining the world-system in which global chains, international migrations and centre-periphery relationships interact. This paper shows how global processes occur at this intersection. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the current world-system through this innovative approach, developed mainly by Jason W. Moore, and then show how the world-system's structure and its crisis have articulated a highlyinternationalized production model whose most significant effect has been the generation of large migrations of cheap labour across the planet. It is also proposed to descend to the local context to highlight examples because the organization of work at this territorial scale is representative of global agricultural production.

Summary The Covid‐19 crisis has shed light on two structural problems that affect a large part of the European model of industrial fruit and vegetable production, mainly in Spain and Italy: excessive dependence on foreign labour and the appalling social and working conditions of these migrant workers. Despite the current intense debates that have arisen on this topic, this is not a new issue but a chronic problem, which has characterised much of the agricultural production in the EU for over two decades. In order to understand how and why this point has been reached, a historical review of the evolution of the primary sector, mainly in southern Europe, and its link to migration, is carried out to ascertain whether the pandemic has aggravated the terrible consequences, mainly for migrant workers, of a socially unsustainable model. The aim is to lay the foundations for a debate on the direction in which European agriculture is heading, and which contributions, such as reforming the CAP and conditioning its funds to decent working conditions can be made towards building a fairer and more sustainable model over time.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, Romanian migrants have become one of the most significant national groups doing agricultural work in Spain, initially coming via a temporary migration program and later under several different modalities. However, despite their critical importance for the functioning of Europe’s largest agro-industry, the study of this long-term circular mobility is still underdeveloped in migration and agriculture literature. Thanks to extensive fieldwork carried out in the provinces of Huelva and Lleida in Spain and in the counties of Teleorman and Buzău in Romania, this paper has two main objectives: first, to identify some of the most common forms of mobility of these migrants; and second, to discuss whether this industrial agriculture, hugely dependent on migrant work, is socially sustainable. The case of Romanian migrants in Spanish agriculture will serve to show how a critical sector for the EU and for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations, operates on an unsustainable model based on precariousness and exploitation.