Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammation involving the nose and paranasal sinuses where the patient has two or more major symptoms or one major symptom with two minor symptoms for ≥12 weeks. The prevalence of CRS throughout the world population is around 10-12%. The prevalence of CRS in Indonesia is uncertain. A research has been conducted on the prevalence of CRS in RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang in 2015, therefore this study aims to find out more about the prevalence of CRS in the ENT Department of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang General Hospital in the period 2016-2018 and its distribution based on age, sex, major symptoms, minor symptoms, and the number of sinuses involved. This research was an observational descriptive survey with cross-sectional design. This study used medical records of CRS patients undergoing surgery in the Rhinology Division of the ENT Department RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang period 2016-2018. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling method. The amount of samples in this research is 99 cases. The result of this research is presented in table and narration form. The prevalence of CRS was 33.55%. CRS is most commonly found by the age group 46-53 years (21.2%), male sex (65.7%) with a ratio between men and women 1.9: 1. The most common major symptom was nasal congestion (100%) and the most common minor symptom was headache (62.6%). The most number of sinuses involved based on the paranasal sinus CT scan results was multiple sinusitis (52.5%).
ABSTRAKRinosinusitis kronis (RSK) merupakan kumpulan gejala dan tanda yang dapat timbul dari berbagai etiologiyang berbeda. Peradangan mukosa yang terus- menerus dan lendir yang kental sering menyebabkan gejala-gejala post nasal drip, hidung tersumbat, penurunan indra penciuman dan atau nyeri tekan wajah. Etiologi pastiRSK masih belum diketahui dan bersifat multifaktorial, dan tidak ada mekanisme molekul tunggal yangmenjelaskan cedera dari perubahan jaringan. Terapi maksimal medikamentosa (MMT) adalah standarperawatan untuk perawatan RSK sebelum rekomendasi untuk operasi. Regimen terapi yang dipilih bervariasidari individu ke individu dimana lama inflamasi berhubungan dengan lama penggunaan terapi maksimalmedikamentosa. Jenis terapi utama medikamentosa yang digunakan untuk RSK terdiri dari antibiotik,kortikosteroid, dan irigasi hidung. MMT berguna dalam mengurangi gejala dan keluhan penderita, danmembantu memperlancar kesuksesan operasi yang dilakukan yang berdampak pada aspek kualitas hidup danaspek sosioekonomi.
Smell is a chemical substance mixed in the air that humans perceive with their sense of smell. Loss of smell or loss of smell has become very important in recent years. Currently, research on odor is very interesting because it can determine the type of odor, as well as the function of smell. Examination of the intravenous smell test and alcohol smell test is one of the gold standard examinations that can be done to determine the type of smell disorder. To determine the concordance between the results of the intravenous alinamin smell test and the alcohol smell test in patients with olfactory disorders at RSMH Palembang. Observational and analytic research using cross sectional. Data collection was carried out using the medical records of RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang for the period October 2022 to January 2023. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS 25. In this study, there were 49 patients with complaints of smell disturbances to the THTBKL department of RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. The mean age in the study was 33 years old with the most vulnerable population aged <20 years (26.5%). With the majority of the female sex (57.1%). While the majority of the work is mostly students (26.5%) and complains of gradual disturbance smells (91.8%). Most of the patients who came with complaints of smell disturbances were patients with sinonasal masses (53.1%). The correlation between intravenous alinamin and alcohol smell tests using the Spearman correlation test showed a very strong correlation (r=0.908) and in the conformity test using Cohen's kappa value obtained was 1.000 which means that perfect agreement was reached between the two tests. There is a concordance in the examination results between the alinamin smell test and the alcohol smell test in patients with complaints of smell disorders.
Latar belakang: Oksimetazolin adalah bahan aktif dekongestan topikal yang digunakan untuk rinitis alergi maupun inflamasi mukosa hidung lainnya. Cara pemakaian oksimetazolin yang baik dan benar akan memengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan. Efek samping rinitis medikamentosa merupakan komplikasi yang sering terjadi dan sebaiknya dapat dicegah. Tujuan: Penulisan tinjauan pustaka ini untuk memberikan pemahaman terkini tentang berbagai indikasi oksimetazolin pada praktik klinik Telinga Hidung Tenggorok sehari-hari, cara pemakaian yang tepat, efek samping dan komplikasi yang terjadi berdasarkan studi kepustakaan yang dipublikasikan di PubMed, Google Scholar, dan Scopus dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2007–2016) oleh tim adhoc anggota Kelompok Studi (KODI) Rinologi Indonesia. Tinjauan pustaka: Oksimetazolin memiliki indikasi yang diperluas jika digunakan bersama dengan bahan aktif lain. Oksimetazolin semprot hidung 0,05% yang digunakan bersama dengan steroid intranasal dilaporkan memberikan manfaat pada penatalaksanaan rinitis alergi, rinitis kronis, dan polip hidung. Oksimetazolin digunakan juga dalam bedah sinus endoskopik untuk mendapatkan visualisasi lapang operasi yang baik karena efek hemostatik vasokonstriktor intranasal. Keuntungan yang dilaporkan juga diiringi dengan kemungkinan efek samping dan komplikasi yang sudah dikenal sampai yang membahayakan hingga kematian akibat koarktasio aorta, infark miokard elevasi non-ST, dan krisis hipertensi. Kesimpulan: Rekomendasi yang dibuat oleh KODI Rinologi berdasarkan analisis secara sistematik dengan telaah kritis, diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang penggunaan oksimetazolin yang bermanfaat dan dapat mencegah efek samping yang berbahaya.Kata kunci: Oksimetazolin, dekongestan intranasal, indikasi, efek samping, komplikasiABSTRACT Background: Oxymetazoline is an active ingredient of topical decongestant in treating allergic rhinitis and other nasal mucosal inflammation. A good and proper usage of oxymetazoline will influence a beneficial outcome. Rhinitis medicamentosa is a common complication that should be avoided. Purpose: Content of the literature review is the indications of oxymetazoline usage in daily ENT clinical practice; the proper usage, side effects and complications are appraised from Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar publications within the last 10 years (2011 – 2015). The work was performed by adhoc team consisted of member of Rhinology Study Group Indonesia. Literature Review: Oxymetazoline broader indications obtained when applied together with other active ingredients. Oxymetazoline 0.05% nasal spray with topical intranasal steroid was reported as having efficacy in management of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis and nasal polyps. Oxymetazoline is used as topical vasoconstrictor during endoscopic sinus surgery to get clear endoscopic visualization due to its hemostatic effect. Combination of oxymetazoline with topical intranasal steroid, was reported to be beneficial in the management of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinitis and nasal polyps. Oxymetazoline is also used as topical vasoconstrictor during endoscopic sinus surgery to get clear endoscopic visualization due to its hemostatic effect. The good result of oxymetazoline was reported along with its side effects, which could be fatal, such as coarctation of the aorta, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and critical hypertension. Conclusion: Recommendation from Rhinology Study Group Indonesia based on systematic analysis with critical appraisal that has been made, may widen the knowledge and understanding of oxymetazoline usage and indications, and also avoiding the dangerous side effects and complications.Keywords: Oxymetazoline, topical intranasal decongestant, indication, side effect, complication
This literature review aimed to describe the anatomical and histological aspects of the trachea, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. The trachea is a tube-shaped respiratory tract consisting of cartilage and muscle and lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. The pharynx is a funnel-shaped fibromuscular pouch that is large at the top and narrow at the bottom. This pouch starts at the base of the skull and continues through the esophagus to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. The laryngopharynx is bordered superiorly by the upper edge of the epiglottis, anteriorly by the larynx, inferiorly by the esophagus, and posteriorly by the cervical vertebrae. The esophagus is a hollow cylindrical organ about 25 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, which extends from the hypopharynx to the cardia of the stomach. The esophagus lies posterior to the heart and trachea, anterior to the vertebrae, and pierces the diaphragmatic hiatus just anterior to the aorta. In conclusion, a thorough understanding of neck anatomy helps establish the diagnosis and management of patients in clinical situations.
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