The cellular responses to stress are a complex phenomenon. These have faced varied impacts of the advancements in biomolecular, cellular and biomedical fields that have taken place from time to time. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have played their major roles in these advanced achievements. The interactions between cells and the various nanomaterials are obvious due to fabricated and/or engineered nanomaterials that are designed with special features to attain specific set targets. These nanomaterials are utilized in varied modes such as drug carriers, remedial agents of environmental aspects, biotechnological and biomedical processes, implants, biosensors etc. The implications of these wonder materials in any biosystems, industrial processes and products etc ensure their interactions with cells. Nanomaterials are also capable to induce cellular stress in biosystem as they are the components of the products used in daily life. There are numerous biomolecules and the cellular processes that are involved in intra and intercellular communications. The cellular communication is the prime functional aspect for cell survival. The interaction between the cells and the nanomaterials are likely to influence this cellular communications and other cellular processes. These features in all probabilities affect cellular responses. Cellular responses are protective and/ or rendering the affected cells prone to necrosis or cellular death. Various nanomaterials with different reactive affinities are bound to influence the cellular responses with respect to the stress. This reflects on the needs to evaluate and understand the mechanism involved during the process of cellular stress and the related behavior.
Cancerous condition is the result of abnormal physiological and cellular mechanisms that develop in an individual. The cells prone to cancer exhibit complexed behavioral abnormalities and disobedience to the normal cellular signaling pathways. Benign and malignant cancers show different proliferative behavior depending on the type of cells, their location, and functions. The cancerous tissues have increased vascular supply and a lower ratio of the rate of conversion of oxy-hemoglobin to deoxy-hemoglobin. In tissues, like the dense radiographic breast, show some morphological changes in the cell organelles like nuclei. The carbon nanoparticles act as suitable agents for carrying antiviral drugs, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, agents for imaging, and thermal ablation. Further, considering the multifaceted features, carbon nanomaterials can be a potential agent to induce apoptosis in the cancerous tissue that might help to restrict its growth. All these intentions need careful examinations, applications at laboratory, clinical, and mass-scale production, keeping in mind the environmental, judicial aspects, and human tendencies of maximizing their benefits. This short review is an effort to evaluate the potentials of carbon nanomaterials that can induce apoptosis in cancer tissue.
Viruses are at the threshold of living and nonliving entities. Virus particles exhibit lifeactivities when are within their respective hosts and act as non-living when present outside their hosts. This feature is very interesting and the related investigations can help to understand the differences between the functionalities at bionanointerfaces under living and nonliving phases. Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials occur naturally and are synthesized as per the need to meet the set targets. These nanosized materials have specifi c physicochemical properties such as high volume to area ratio, ability to get functionalized as per the need. These ubiquitous materials have multifaceted applications in almost all fi elds of sciences, industries, medical, clinical diagnostics, and remedial operations; these occupy an omnipresent status in our day to day life. Since these nanomaterials are a major integral part of industries and human life; these interact with the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Viruses are the active entities of both these aspects of our environment. The interactions between metal and metal oxide nanomaterials and viruses are obvious and complex interactive phenomena. These complex interactions take place between nanomaterials and viruses within their respective hosts. The profi ling of such interactions helps to optimize the resultant impacts and enhances the degree of de novo designing, in vivo, and in vitro performances.
Biological scientists have been looking for a suitable experimental organism which can provide better understanding of biomolecular mechanisms involved in the physiological processes and observations can be readily interpolated. It can be easily procured, cost effective, and better maintained in laboratory conditions. Yeast is practically omnipresent in most of the biomes and exhibits higher genetic diversity in comparison to most of the angiosperms or chordates. These eukaryotes have very simple and short life cycle exhibiting budding, and sexual reproduction. Mostly, there are no ethical issues related to this organism being used as experimental model. Its small genome is the prime factor that makes easy manipulations in the field of molecular genetics, genomics, evolutionary genomics, senescence, cell cycle, biomedical genetics, and biotechnology. This experimental model opens new horizons in the direction of functional genomics that may be helpful in encoding metabolic mechanisms and ecological diversities.
The extracellular vesicular entities, also called as plasma dusts, are present in all biological fluids, cell lines and cultures, are fascinating the researchers. Investigations related to their structure, formation, biological, physiological, and cellular status reveal that exosomes are biostable, and morphologically resemble nanomaterials, specifically, those from mesenchymal stem-cells. As the exosomes are multi-utility cellular products, their cellular yield and quantification seems to be tedious. Exosomes as nanostructures enhance the efficacies of extracellular vesicles or exosomes by fusing with lateral endosomes or multivesicular bodies, and later bud off from plasma membrane in a similar manner as during endocytosis. These cellular vesicles are the functional backbone of most of inter and intracellular transport mechanisms. It becomes imperative to understand their characterization, factors affecting their behavior within and outside the cell. Ubiquitously, nanomaterials are used in biological, medical, pharmaceutical, and biomolecular fields. The combined use of exosomes and nanomaterials may act as useful tools for clinical and diagnostic applications as they reflect the physiological and pathological status of a system. The molecular crowding is a physiological process and controls dissipation of molecular structures that facilitate the effective functions, and determination of cellular physiochemical status. Therefore, it essentiates to appraise the implications of exosomes along with nanomaterials in relation to cellular, biomolecular, physicochemical aspects of interactions and their applications in the biomedical fields. In this review, an effort is made to explore the mechanism of their biogenesis, exosomes functions in association with nanomaterials, molecular crowding, and their structure and functional relationship.
Oxidation and reduction is a ubiquitous phenomenon reflecting the structural, functional aspects of cell, tissue, organ and organism. Primarily oxidative process in a biological system is the imprint of structural and functional integrity because of its role to maintain a state of healthy equilibrium. This homeostatic state is the result of combined and coordinated interactions between pro oxidants, antioxidants, inactivated free radicals and oxidants present in the cell. Proteins alone and in conjugated from are amongst those biomolecules which are basically devoted to cellular structural, functional, inter and intracellular communication. Electrochemical aspects of oxidation reduction are applicable to the oxidation of proteins. High energy radiations are capable to form free radicals of oxygen, when proteins are exposed to such free radicals gross modifications in amino acids and/or fragmentation of proteins occurs. Redox metabolism reflects on the functional aspects of proteome; there is every probability that any temporal and spatial fluctuations can direct the functional aspect of cell. Conditions like resistance to insulin, dysfunction of immune system and inflammatory responses are concerned with oxidative stress. Diseased conditions and senescence are parameters directly related to the declined efficiency of antioxidant system indicating oxidative stress. This in turn is capable to causes modifications in DNA, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In the recent past nanotechnology has attained significant importance due to its multidimensional potentials in almost all fields of life. The nanomaterials, natural as well as engineered, are sought after to solve most of the problems related to man-kind and industries. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are the basis of their applications in all spheres of life. In this presentation an effort is made to over view the developments in the field of nanomaterials that have taken place in the recent past and more over their impact on redox process and protein oxidation encompassing biological, biochemical, physiological, and pathological aspects in a biological system.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.