Motor performances of the same action are affected by prior intentions to move unintentionally, cooperatively or competitively. Here, a back-and-forth movement task combined with a motion capture system and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning technology was utilized to record both the behavioral and neural data of 18 dyads of participants acting in pairs [joint conditions: no-intention, cooperative (Coop) and competitive (Comp)] or alone (single conditions: self-paced and fast-speed). The results revealed that Coop or Comp intentions in the joint conditions significantly sped up motor performance compared with similar single conditions, e.g. shorter movement times (MTs) in the Coop/Comp condition than the self-paced/fast-speed condition. Hemodynamic response analysis demonstrated that stronger activities for all joint conditions than the single conditions in the premotor and the supplementary motor cortex (Brodmann area 6) were independent of variations of MTs, indicating that they might reflect more complex aspects of action planning rather than simple execution-based processes. The comparisons of joint conditions across distinct prior intentions before acting yielded significant results for both behavioral and neural measures, with the highest activation of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the shortest MTs in the Comp condition considered to be implications for the top-down influence of prior intentions on joint performance.
The heart maintains its essential role in human life by the highly orchestrated functioning of specialized cell types. Recent advances in single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq) provides the possibility of profiling the molecular and cellular characteristics of heart cells. We collected scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq data of healthy human hearts from all available sources and built the first human ensemble heart cell atlas, uniHEART, using a unified information framework for cell-centric atlas assembly. The current version of uniHEART contains 1,025,739 cells from 65 human heart samples, covering 19 major cell types in adult and developing human heart. The samples are from 10 anatomic regions of the heart, with age of the donors ranging from 5 weeks of the fetus to 75 years old. With this ensemble cell atlas, we constructed the multifaceted cellular and molecular portraits of the human heart by its anatomic parts, cell types and interactions, gene expression and networks. A rich interactive portraiture web system is provided for users to explore the atlas. With uniHEART, we discovered the molecular changes in the heart endothelial cells during aging and explored the disease therapeutic target cell-types. These case examples showed that uniHEART provides a holographic cellular reference for future studies on the human heart.
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