Abstract-Simulink is widely used for model driven development (MDD) of industrial software systems. Typically, the Simulink based development is initiated from Stateflow modeling, followed by simulation, validation and code generation mapped to physical execution platforms. However, recent industrial trends have raised the demands of rigorous verification on safety-critical applications, which is unfortunately challenging for Simulink.In this paper, we present an approach to bridge the Stateflow based model driven development and a well-defined rigorous verification. First, we develop a self-contained toolkit to translate Stateflow model into timed automata, where major advanced modeling features in Stateflow are supported. Taking advantage of the strong verification capability of Uppaal, we can not only find bugs in Stateflow models which are missed by Simulink Design Verifier, but also check more important temporal properties. Next, we customize a runtime verifier for the generated nonintrusive VHDL and C code of Stateflow model for monitoring. The major strength of the customization is the flexibility to collect and analyze runtime properties with a pure software monitor, which opens more opportunities for engineers to achieve high reliability of the target system compared with the traditional act that only relies on Simulink Polyspace. We incorporate these two parts into original Stateflow based MDD seamlessly. In this way, safety-critical properties are both verified at the model level, and at the consistent system implementation level with physical execution environment in consideration. We apply our approach on a train controller design, and the verified implementation is tested and deployed on a real hardware platform.
Climate warming is seldom considered in the transformation of pesticides
on a plant leaf. This study investigated the effects of photodegradation
temperature and spinach growth temperature from 15 to 21 °C on
the photodegradation of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and
deltamethrin on spinach leaves under xenon lamp irradiation in climate
incubators. The photodegradation temperature had minor effects on
pyrethroid photodegradation. Interestingly, the photodegradation rates
decreased with increasing spinach growth temperature. For example,
the photodegradation rate constant of bifenthrin on a spinach cultivated
at 15 °C (3.73 (±0.59, 95% confidence level) × 10–2 h–1) was 1.9 times higher than
that at 21 °C (1.96 (±0.17) × 10–2 h–1). Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played a dominant
role in the photodegradation. We speculate that ·OH originated
from the degradation of hydroperoxide that was formed by oxidation
of phenolic CHCH, aliphatic CH3 and aromatic C–O–C,
and subsequent hydrogen abstraction. The contents of these functional
groups decreased with increasing growth temperature, which resulted
in lower photodegradation rates at higher growth temperatures. A possible
photodegradation pathway including ester bond cleavage, decyanation,
and phenyl group removal was proposed. This work provides new insight
into the effects of climate warming on the generation of reactive
oxygen species and the transformation of pesticides on a plant leaf.
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