The loss of fertility can be devastating for patients. Unfortunately, 15% of couples worldwide suffer from infertility. 1 Compared with female infertility, which can usually be treated with hormones, male infertility caused by abnormal spermatogenesis is more difficult to treat. 2 Therefore, research on male reproduction is particularly important. Normal male fertility depends on healthy sperm, which depends on normal spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is a highly complex and coordinated process that can be divided into spermatogonia proliferation, spermatocyte meiotic phase, and spermiogenesis. 3 Sertoli cells are somatic cells of the testis and are essential for testicular formation and spermatogenesis. These cells promote the progression of germ cells to sperm by directly
Planarians, the first kind of animal to have evolved a brain structure1 yet has not evolved visual sense, was demonstrated to have a capability of spatial learning in the last several decades2, but what does the navigation of planarians depends on is still unknown. Here, we provide an objective, strictly variable-controlled planarian training method using 3D printing techniques3 fabricated mazes. Then we use modifications of the mazes to first demonstrate a learning paradigm that worms can memorize the location of a darkened surrounding through training. However, a memory formation failure was found that in the situation of providing identical shapes in a maze, planarians cannot memorize the location of the darkened surrounding. Thus, this result shows the planarians associated darkness with the crude shape of the objects they have crawled on, which is a kind of spatial learning. This finding provides not only a key insight into spatial learning information that planarians are processing but also an interpretation of the origin of memory formation where higher grades of memory formation might originate from.
Planarians, the first kind of animal to have evolved a brain structure yet has not evolved vision, were demonstrated to have a capability of spatial learning in the last several decades, but what does the navigation of planarians depends on is still unknown. Here, we provide an objective, strictly variable-controlled planarian training method using 3D printing techniques fabricated mazes. Then we use modifications of the mazes to first demonstrate a learning paradigm that worms can memorize the location of a darkened surrounding through training. However, a memory formation failure was found that in the situation of providing identical shapes in a maze, planarians cannot memorize the location of the darkened surrounding. Thus, this result shows the planarians associated darkness with the crude shape of the objects they’ve crawled, which is a kind of spatial learning. This finding not only provides a key insight into spatial learning information that planarians are processing, but also an interpretation of the origin of memory formation where higher grades of memory formation might originate from.
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