Black net shade treatment attenuates flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants, while the effect of light quality is still unclear. We investigated the flavonoid and transcriptome profiles of tea leaves under different light conditions, using black nets with different shade percentages, blue, yellow and red nets to alter the light intensity and light spectral composition in the fields. Flavonol glycosides are more sensitive to light intensity than catechins, with a reduction percentage of total flavonol glycosides up to 79.6% compared with 38.7% of total catechins under shade treatment. A total of 29,292 unigenes were identified, and the KEGG result indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis was regulated by both light intensity and light spectral composition while phytohormone signal transduction was modulated under blue net shade treatment. PAL, CHS, and F3H were transcriptionally downregulated with light intensity. Co-expression analysis showed the expressions of key transcription factors MYB12, MYB86, C1, MYB4, KTN80.4, and light signal perception and signaling genes (UVR8, HY5) had correlations with the contents of certain flavonoids (p < 0.05). The level of abscisic acid in tea leaves was elevated under shade treatment, with a negative correlation with TFG content (p < 0.05). This work provides a potential route of changing light intensity and spectral composition in the field to alter the compositions of flavor substances in tea leaves and regulate plant growth, which is instructive to the production of summer/autumn tea and matcha.
Abbreviations & Acronyms BC = bladder capacity BP = base pressure BPS = bladder pain syndrome CMG = cystometrogram ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay GAG = glycosaminoglycan GAPDH = glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HA = hyaluronic acid IC = interstitial cystitis ICI = intercontraction intervals IL-6 = interleukin-6 mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid NS = normal saline PP = peak pressure PS = protamine sulfate RNA = ribonucleic acid RT-PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RV = residual volume Objectives: To measure interleukin-6 levels in a protamine sulfate-induced chronic cystitis rat model treated with hyaluronic acid, and to study the correlation among interleukin-6, bladder inflammatory degree and voiding frequency. Methods: A chronic cystitis model was created in female rats by using long-term intermittent intravesical protamine sulfate (0.5 mL, 30 mg/mL). Then, hyaluronic acid (0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/mL) was also instilled intravesically in the rats. Interleukin-6 levels were analyzed with immunohistochemistry, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was carried out to examine bladder inflammatory degree based on a four-point scoring system (from 0 -none to 3 -severe). Voiding patterns were investigated by cystometrography. Results: According to cystometrography, protamine sulfate-induced rats had significantly shorter intercontraction intervals and less bladder capacity (P < 0.001). The bladder tissue of the rats showed severe chronic inflammation. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed significantly higher expression of interleukin-6 (P < 0.001). After intravesical administration of hyaluronic acid, both intercontraction intervals and bladder capacity increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas both bladder inflammatory degree and interleukin-6 levels decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between interleukin-6 levels and inflammatory degree (r = 0.727, P < 0.001), and also between interleukin-6 levels and voiding frequency (r = -0.761, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Intravesical administration of hyaluronic acid decreases interleukin-6 levels, as well as the severity of bladder inflammation and voiding frequency in a rat model of chronic cystitis. Interleukin-6 levels closely correlate with the inflammatory degree and voiding frequency. Thus, they can be regarded as an assessment measure of therapeutic impact.
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