Preeclampsia (PE) is termed as a systemic disease that involves multiple organs; however, the exact etiology is still quite unclear. It is believed that the poor remodeling of uterine spiral arteries triggers PE, thereby causing failed placentation and producing inflammatory factors. The decline of blood flow results in lowering the nutrients and oxygen received by the fetus and augmenting the placental pressure in PE. Decidual immune cells, especially uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, are involved in the process of placentation. Decidual NK (dNK) cells significantly contribute to the vascular remodeling through the secretion of cytokines and angiogenic mediators in normal placental development. The abnormal activation of NK cells in both the peripheral blood and the decidua was counted among the causes leading to PE. The correlation existing between maternal killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA-C in trophoblast cells constitutes a robust evidence for the genetic etiology of PE. The combinations of the two kinds of gene systems, together with the KIR genotype in the mother and the HLA-C group in her fetus, are likely to exactly decide the pregnancy outcome. The women, who have the inappropriate match of KIR/HLA-C, are likely to be prone to the augmented risk of PE. However, the combinations of KIR/HLA-C in PE undergo ethnic changes. The extensive prospective research works in Europe, Asia, and Africa are required for providing more findings in PE patients.
Controlled assembly of two-dimensional (2D) noble metal nanocrystals into three-dimensional (3D) open architecture with reasonable interparticle distance is of great value to solve the re-stacking issue for practical application, which yet achieves limited progress for bimetallic nanocrystals. Herein, we report the synthesis of hat-like palladium-gold (PdAu) alloy nanocrystals with the building block of nanosheet and explored their catalytic properties when serving as oxidaselike nanoenzyme. The success of current synthesis lies on the co-reduction of Au and Pd precursors under kineticscontrolled condition, together with the use of glutathione molecules as the shape-directing agent. The use of OTAC as capping agent is crucial for the unique morphology, where wire-like and quasi-spherical products are obtained, respec-tively, when the capping agent is replaced by CTAB and CTAC, respectively. Systematic investigations reveal that the oxidase-like activities of these PdAu nanocrystals are highly morphology-dependent. In particular, the PdAu alloy nanohats displayed the highest oxidase-like activity, as well as a wide linear range (100-5000 μM) and low detection limit (25 μM). The present study drives the development of synthetic strategies that allows the construction of 2D bimetallic nanocrystals with a 3D open structure, and validates their improved performance as nanoenzyme towards practical sensing applications, which may find important use in the rational design of biocatalysis, bioassays, and nano-biomedicine.
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