Crude oil transportation is a vital component of the global energy supply, and the global Crude Oil Maritime Transportation Network (COMTN) plays a crucial role as a carrier for crude oil transportation. Once the network faces attacks that result in the failure of certain routes, a severe threat is posed to the crude oil supply security of importing countries. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the reliability of the COMTN. This study proposes a model for evaluating the reliability of the imported COMTN by analyzing the impact of node failures. Firstly, the network is constructed using complex networks (CNs) theory, with ports, canals, and straits as nodes, and shipping routes as directed edges. Secondly, based on the Weighted Leader Rank algorithm, a comprehensive evaluation metric for CNs is established, and a node importance assessment model is developed to rank the nodes accordingly. Thirdly, a case study is conducted using China’s imported COMTN as an example, evaluating the connectivity reliability (CR) under random and deliberate attack scenarios. Finally, measures and recommendations are provided to enhance the CR of China’s imported COMTN. The findings indicate that deliberate attacks pose a greater threat, and reliability varies across maritime routes, with the Americas route exhibiting higher reliability compared to the Middle East and Southeast Asia routes. The results of this study can provide relevant recommendations for policy makers. The model proposed in this study can also be applied to other countries and regions to assess the connectivity reliability of their local COMTNs and develop appropriate measures for the results.
Abstract. In this paper, consumption structure between urban and rural residents were studied respectively, and a comparison between urban and rural residents was further made regarding to the influences of the consumption structure on spiritual consumption structure. The results show that, urban residents spend more disposable income on education, entertainment and cultural than rural residents. The model of residents' spiritual consumption has obvious structural changes since China's accession to WTO, and accession to WTO has greater impact on urban residents' spiritual consumption. However, rural people's demand for consumption of education and entertainment increases faster than urban residents, and the gap between rural and urban consumption is gradually being narrowed. Significance of StudySince the beginning of 21st century, China's economy has embarked on a new stage, along with the accelerating transformation of production structure and consumption structure. According to the census data of the past 20 years [1], Chinese people have been paying more and more attention to the expenditure on entertainment, culture, education and other services, which means that with the continuous development of economy and the improvement of quality of people's life, the proportion of material consumption and spiritual consumption, namely, the structure of consumption has undergone significant changes.Spiritual consumption, which emerges because of economic growth, is the consumption of some intangible goods, such as entertainment, culture, education and other services [2,3]. This kind of consumption not only reflects the income level, spending power and living standard of our people, but also has close relations with people's quality of life and happiness index, which deserve more attention in the new stage of development. Besides, spiritual consumption also plays an important role for the development of entire economic society [4]. For example, the impact of the consumption of education on the improvement of the quality of citizens can not be ignored, which can help the whole society make progress in enhancing both technical quality and cultural quality. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary for us to make researches on spiritual consumption in order to improve people's happiness index, meet the increasing consumer demand with a more reasonable allocation of resources and promote the rational development of economic structure.Since accession to WTO in 2000, the openness of China has been expanding significantly, which strengthens our economic cooperation and communication with foreign countries, promotes economic prosperity and transformation and brings more advanced technology and capital, resulting in a series of positive influences [5,6,7]. However, does it really improve the quality of life of our people? What kind of impact does it have on spiritual consumption? On one hand, accession to WTO promotes economic development, increases people's income and has some impact on people's 20
This article takes the "A Medical Handbook" as an example to try to reveal how Western missionaries and Chinese translators jointly translated Western medical knowledge when it was introduced into the East during the 19th century. In this process, the fusion of Chinese and Western medical knowledge led to the Chinese version of A Medical Handbook. Not only did Western missionaries unilaterally promote their medical knowledge, but Chinese local elites also played an indispensable role in the dissemination of Western medical knowledge. In the early days of Western knowledge spreading into China, Western medical knowledge was incorporated into the knowledge pedigree of traditional Chinese medicine to a certain extent, which enabled the Chinese public to accept the use of Western medicine. The collision between Chinese and Western cultures at the level of medical knowledge affected the integration of Western medical knowledge systems into the local Chinese medical knowledge system.
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