To access the full capabilities of multi frequency signals from the modernized GPS, GLONASS and newly deployed BDS, Galileo, the undi↵erenced and uncombined observable model in which the individual signal of each frequency is treated as independent observable has drawn increasing interest in GNSS community. The ionosphere delay is the major issue in the undi↵erenced and uncombined observable model. Though several ionosphere delay parameterization approaches have been promoted, we argue that the functional model with only deterministic characteristic may not follow the irregular spatial and temporal variations. On the contrary, when the ionosphere delay is estimated as random walk or even white

Since 2015, the new generation global BDS system, i.e., BDS-3, has started its development with five experimental satellites demonstration system and has announced its initial global service officially on December 27, 2018. Among the various characteristics to be analyzed for the new generation BDS satellites, the differential code bias (DCB) is of special attention since that it has a direct dependence on the new signals, i.e., B1C and B2a, and it is one of the most intricacy problems in the ionosphere sensing and positioning with multi-GNSS and multi-frequency observations. To take the full capability of the triplefrequency BDS signals, this paper proposed a new method for the DCB estimation in which the undifferenced uncombined observations are processed in PPP mode. In addition, with the intention to estimate all the unknowns, including the DCB, in a single filter, the DESIGN (deterministic plus stochastic ionosphere model for GNSS) method is applied for the ionospheric delay constrains in this method. In the formula derivation, special attention is given to the DCB and clock parameters due to different frequencies for B1I/B1C, etc. Then, the efficiency of the new method is assessed with observations of 23 iGMAS stations capable for BDS triple-frequency tracking and 21 IGS stations capable for GPS triple-frequency tracking during DOY 001 to 090, 2019. Moreover, the traditional DCB estimation method by employing the geometry-free (GF) combination with the ionospheric delay removed by global ionosphere map product is also performed for comparison purpose. The experimental results suggest that by using the undifferenced uncombined solution, rather than the GF combination, the BDS-2 DCB on B1IB2I and B1CB3I can be improved, especially for the MEO satellites. Regarding to the DLR products, the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution presents a RMS of 0.32 ns and 0.27 ns for B1IB2I and B1CB3I, respectively. Concerning the BDS-3 satellites DCB, it is GF combination that performs better by a factor of 12.7% and 15.2% for B1CB2a and B1CB3I, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the undifferenced uncombined DCB solution is sensitive to the limited precision of the BDS-3 orbit and clock. This conclusion is further confirmed by the improvement in the GPS DCB solution with the new method. Compared with the GF combination solution, the STD for daily repeatability improves from 0.088 to 0.061 ns and 0.119 to 0.090 ns for satellite on C1WC2W and C1WC5X, respectively, by using the undifferenced uncombined model.