Heat stress has a severe effect on animal health and can reduce the productivity and reproductive efficiency; it is therefore necessary to explore the molecular mechanism involved in heat stress response, which is helpful for the cultivation of an animal breed with resistance to heat stress. However, little research about heat stress-responsive molecular analysis has been reported in sheep. Therefore, in this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate the transcriptome profiling in the liver of Hu sheep with and without heat stress. In total, we detected 520 and 22 differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, respectively. The differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly associated with metabolic processes, the regulation of biosynthetic processes, and the regulation of glucocorticoid; additionally, they were significantly enriched in the heat stress related pathways, including the carbon metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway, and vitamin digestion and absorption. The co-located differentially expressed lncRNA Lnc_001782 might positively influence the expression of the corresponding genes APOA4 and APOA5, exerting co-regulative effects on the liver function. Thus, we made the hypothesis that Lnc_001782, APOA4 and APOA5 might function synergistically to regulate the anti-heat stress ability in Hu sheep. This study provides a catalog of Hu sheep liver mRNAs and lncRNAs, and will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying heat stress responses.
Fecundity improvement is one of the most important objectives for goat breeders as it can considerably greatly increase production efficiency. The molecular mechanisms underlying fecundity in goats remain largely unknown. To explore the molecular and genetic mechanisms related to the fecundities and prolificacies in Chuanzhong black goats, we performed high‐throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs (DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs, respectively) the ovaries of high‐fecundity and low‐fecundity goats; furthermore, we conducted functional annotation analyses to identify pathways of interest. Overall, 1,353 DEmRNAs and 168 DElncRNAs were identified. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was performed to validate some randomly selected DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs. We found that two DElncRNAs ENSCHIT00000005909 and ENSCHIT00000005910 might positively influence the expression of the corresponding gene IL1R2 (upregulated in high‐fecundity group), exerting co‐regulative effects on the ovarian function, through which litter size might show variations. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEmRNAs SRD5A2, LOC102191297 and LOC102171967 were significantly enriched in steroid hormone biosynthesis—this pathway was related to animal reproduction. To summarize, our findings expand the understanding pertaining to the biological functions of lncRNAs and contribute to the annotation of the goat genome; moreover, they should be helpful for further studying the role of lncRNAs in ovulation and lambing.
As an important type of non-coding RNA molecule, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have varied roles in many biological processes, and have been studied extensively over the past few years. However, little is known about lncRNA-mediated regulation during cattle growth and development. Therefore, in the present study, RNA sequencing was used to determine the expression level of mRNAs and lncRnAs in the liver of adult Leiqiong cattle under the condition of growth retardation and normal growth. We totally detected 1,124 and 24 differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, respectively. The differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly associated with growth factor binding, protein K63-linked ubiquitination and cellular protein metabolic process; additionally, they were significantly enriched in the growth and development related pathways, including PPAR signaling pathway, vitamin B6 metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Combined analysis showed that the co-located differentially expressed lncRNA Lnc_002583 might positively influence the expression of the corresponding genes IFI44 and IFI44L, exerting co-regulative effects on Leiqiong cattle growth and development. Thus, we made the hypothesis that Lnc_002583, IFI44 and IFI44L might function synergistically to regulate the growth of Leiqiong cattle. This study provides a catalog of Leiqiong cattle liver mRNAs and lncRNAs, and will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying growth regulataion. Abbreviations lncRNAs Long non-coding RNAs RNA-seq RNA sequencing DEGs Differentially expressed genes ORF Open reading frame FPKM Fragments per kilo base of exon per million fragments mapped GRC Growth retardation cattle NGC Normal growth cattle GO Gene ontology KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Beef is an excellent source of protein with lower level of lipid content and is rich in Fe, P and Zn. Leiqiong cattle is one of the typical representative cattle in South China. It is heat-resistant, crude feed-resistant and has strong resistance to disease. However, Leiqiong cattle is small in size and low in meat production, which can not meet the needs of the market. Moreover, in the actual livestock production, some Leiqiong cattle will always have growth retardation. Currently, the causes of animal growth retardation are mainly divided into four categories, namely genetics, nutrition, disease, and feeding management. Animal growth retardation can cause a series of
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fine ground corn and soybean oil on ruminal fermentation, milk performance and fatty acid profile, plasma metabolites and oxidative stress parameters in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Eight primiparous Holstein cows (215±34 d days in milk, 574.6 ± 22.6 kg body weight; mean ± SD) were allocated into 2 groups (n=4/group), used in a change-over experiment with two 23-d experimental periods (16 d induction period and 7 d wash-out period). During the induction period, the cows of one group were fed with control diets (CON, 23.8% starch, 4.6% fat, and 31.4% NDF, DM basis), and the cows of the second group were fed with CON diets supplementation of 266 g/kg of fine ground corn and 46 g/kg of soybean oil (HSO, 31.4% starch, 7.8% fat, and 26.4% NDF, DM basis), and all cows were fed with the CON diets during the subsequent wash-out period. Results: The results shown that the cows fed the HSO diets had a lower ruminal molar ratio of acetate (P = 0.02), and a numerically lower ruminal pH (P = 0.13) and acetate : propionate ratio (P = 0.13) than that in the cows fed the CON diets. Cows fed the HSO dites had a lower (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, milk fat percentage, the yield of milk fat, protein and solid of non-fat (SNF), and a higher (P<0.05) percentage of milk protein, lactose and SNF than that in the cows fed with CON diets. Cows fed the HSO diets had a lower (P < 0.05) concentrations [g/100 g total FA] of C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, fatty acids (FA) <C16, sum of C16:0 and C16:1, total saturates FA, and medium chain FA, and a greater (P < 0.05) milk concentrations of C14:1, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, FA > C16, total unsaturated FA, total mono-unsaturated FA, total poly-unsaturated FA, Δ9-desaturase index, than that in the cows fed the CON diet. Compared with the cows fed the CON diet, the concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA) increased (P < 0.01), whereas the concentrations of theβ-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin (ALB), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the ratio of ALB to GLB, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased (P < 0.05) in cows fed the HSO diets. Conclusions: Our results indicate that HSO diets can impact on the ruminal fermentation pattern, reduce the DMI, milk fat content, depress the de novo synthesis of lipid in mammary gland, disturb plasma parameters, enhance the oxidative stress in dairy cows. Meanwhile, we also found the the subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) and milk fat depression (MFD) can occur at the same time or one after the other, when dairy cows fed with HSO diets.
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