This study presents the effects of ultrasound (US) on the drying kinetics of lotus seeds in a hybrid dryer equipped with constant microwave power in combination with airborne US at vacuum degree (USMVD) and atmospheric pressure (USMD) from 120 to 440 W of five US power levels. Water‐borne US pretreatment before microwave drying (US + MD) or microwave vacuum drying (US + MVD) was simultaneously performed to compare their effectiveness in drying lotus seeds under the same US power. USMD and USMVD techniques reduced the drying time up to 26.19% and 14.29% while reducing energy consumption by up to 10.42% and 23.02% when compared with MVD and MD (without US), respectively, and with relatively high ultrasonic power density. The US + MD and US + MVD drying also reduced the processing time and energy consumption compared to MD and MVD process, respectively, but was less effective than USMVD and USMD. In addition, with higher US power applied, drying occurred more rapidly with less energy consumption. The newly proposed model showed the best fit to the drying curve based on model with the highest regression coefficient, lowest root mean square error, sum square error, and chi‐square. Furthermore, the enhanced effectiveness by USMVD and USMD could be attributed to the respective “heating” and “synergistic” effects generated by microwave and US. Therefore, US in combination with MVD or MD could be used jointly owing to the enhanced process effectiveness.
Practical applications
Drying process is one of the most complex and energy‐consuming processes. The drying kinetics model was applied in drying equipment engineering. The drying kinetic model studies the law of moisture changes during the drying process and provides a theoretical basis for the adjustment of the lotus seed drying equipment parameters. In order to improve the quality of drying products and optimize the drying process, it is necessary to use mathematical model to simulate the drying process under different drying conditions. This study provides data support for equipment selection, energy saving, and consumption reduction and industrial design of lotus seeds drying process.
As the strategic decision-makers of the enterprise, top management team has a profound impact on the efficiency of R&D investment of the enterprise, and even decides whether the enterprise makes plans and decisions on investment. This research focuses on the relationship between the demographic characteristics, cognition level of executives and enterprise investment has become the key to affecting enterprise development.This paper builds a research theoretical framework based on high-level ladder theory, selects Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2019 as the research object, uses multiple linear regression as the main research method to examine the impact of top management team characteristics on firm performance.The study found that the age, education level, tenure of the top management team were significantly positively correlated with firm performance, but the level of stock ownership of the top management team had no correlation with firm performance. Second, the stock ownership level of top management team members has a negative moderating effect on firm performance. The reason for this result is the time lag effect of equity incentives and the management risk aversion effect caused by executive stock ownership. Third, after distinguishing property rights, the stock ownership level of the top management team in state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises does not have a moderating effect on firm performance.
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