Accurate estimation of extreme precipitation is important for hydrological prediction and flood risk management. Recent research suggests that satellite-derived precipitation products can provide an alternative to gauged data, making it essential to evaluate the accuracy of these products. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the application of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission's Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals of GPM data (GPM IMERG) over the Yangtze River Basin. Both extreme precipitation events exceeding the 90th percentile and annual total precipitation have been compared and examined with gauge observations for 2014-2017. We evaluated the performance of the GPM IMERG product during an extreme precipitation event in July 2014. In general, the GPM-derived estimates agreed well with the gauge data at monthly time scales (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.8637), most likely because of monthly adjustment to gauges within the GPM dataset. The agreement between GPM-derived and gauge estimates was less pronounced at daily time scales. The IMERG product performed best in upstream areas of the Yangtze River Basin over monthly time scales, giving a probability of detection of 0.7739 and a Heidke's Skill Score of 0.5116. This indicates that satellite precipitation data performed well in high-altitude regions. The GPM data produced a good estimation of extreme precipitation events with short-medium recurrence intervals but underestimated all return periods. During extreme precipitation events, the GPM product detected the precipitation process over the whole basin, yielding Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.9137-0.9979. This study shows that the GPM-based estimates are useful for extreme precipitation event simulation over the Yangtze River Basin and provide a new resource for flood forecasting in this region.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health emergency. However, little is known about the psychological impact of this pandemic on adolescents. We aim to assess the prevalence and influencing factors of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents in a large sample study.Methods: This cross-sectional study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 175,416 adolescents covering 31 provinces, centrally administered municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China from February 23 to March 8, 2020. The status of depression, anxiety, and PTG was assessed by the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, seven-item generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire, and post-traumatic growth inventory.Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and PTG in adolescents was 35.9, 28.0, and 45.6%, respectively. The prevalence of depression and anxiety in the slight or severe epidemic areas was similar. Regression analysis showed that female sex and older age were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and lower levels of PTG. Symptoms related to COVID-19, excessive attention to epidemic information, living in urban or severe epidemic areas, and conflicts with parents during home quarantine were risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTG. Frequent communication with peers, exercise, and receiving public welfare psychological assistance were protective factors. Poor family economic status was a significant risk factor for depression and PTG.Conclusion: Our findings suggested that positive and negative psychological reactions coexist in adolescents faced with the pandemic. The factors associated with psychological problems and PTG provide strategic guidance for maintaining adolescents' mental health in China and worldwide during any pandemic such as COVID-19.

China, like the United States, has no defined concept of privacy in its Constitution and Chinese citizens have to work out how to negotiate their presence online, just as others elsewhere do. Online privacy in China has not received strong legislative protection compared with the U.S. and European countries as privacy has never written as an individual right in China’s Constitution, nor in the Civil Law. Chinese privacy perceptions and everyday privacy practices in social media have not been fully examined. This article presents an original, ethnographic study of how 26 Chinese youth, men and women, and 25 older rural women from Changsha, south-central China are negotiating what counts as privacy online in their everyday practices. It finds out that youth group in Changsha has a stronger understanding of the technical level of deployment of the social media technologies, enacting both positive and protective self-presentation instantiated by “human flesh search,” “public online privacy,” and “improved firewall.” However, the notion of shameful secrets touches on the protection of the reputation of those concerned, and social relationships play an important role in privacy boundary negotiation, common to both groups. This demonstrates that sociocultural contexts need to be taken into consideration and should be more nuancedly examined when studying online privacy and working out privacy protection methods.

<p>    Over recent decades, extreme events in the context of climate change have become a global concern. In China, floods are the one of the severest disasters, which cause 25.6% of all deaths from disasters and account for 54.4% economic losses of GDP. Hence, understanding the influence of climate variability on floods and flood-related variables is of vast theoretical and practical importance. In this study, daily precipitation data and EM-DAT data across China covering a period of 1961-2014 were analyze to investigate the three indices of climate variability, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) during their positive, negative and neutral phases, and to understand their relationships with frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation, flood frequency, and flood damage. The results indicated that:</p><p>    (1) The positive and negative phases of NAO and IOD are associated with seasonal extreme precipitation frequency and intensity over large areas of China. During NAO<sup>N</sup> and IOD<sup>+</sup>, extreme precipitation occurred more frequently and distributed more widely, especially in spring and summer.</p><p>    (2) The influence of ENSO on the extreme precipitation frequency and intensity in China appeared to be much smaller than the influence of NAO or IOD, only strong during ENSO<sup>+</sup> in spring.</p><p>    (3) ENSO, NAO, IOD show significant relationships with flood frequency and flood damage in one or more phase and/or season.</p><p>    The strongest link w observed between NAO and flood-related variables. During NAO<sup>+</sup> and NAO<sup>-</sup>, summer flood occurred more frequently. Besides, during NAO<sup>-</sup>, anomalies in flood frequency, total death, total affected and total damage are respectively 12%, 3%, 97%, 93% higher in spring and 8%, 160%, 470%, 167% lower in autumn compared to NAO<sup>+</sup> phase.</p><p>    The impact of ENSO, IOD on flood-related variables is relatively weak. Compared to ENSO<sup>N</sup>, autumn flood frequency is lower during ENSO<sup>+</sup> and ENSO<sup>-</sup>, but total death and total damage are 48%, 146% higher during ENSO<sup>-</sup>.</p><p>    IOD shows different characteristics per seasons. In spring and summer, floods occurred more frequently and flood damage showed low significant difference during IOD+. In autumn, flood occurrence is low, but anomalies in total death and total damage were 51%, 102% higher than IOD+.</p><p>    Overall, three indices of climate variability show different degrees of impact on flood-related variables over China, and the potential seasonal variation of climate variability indices plays an important role in forecasting flood disasters, mitigating flood risks and enhancing water resource management in China.</p>