The experimental data of viscosity and density for six binary mixtures of water (methanol or ethanol) with an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([BMIM][DMP]) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([EMIM][DMP]), were measured in the temperature range of (293.15 to 333.15) K at atmospheric pressure using a viscometer and densimeter. The solution behavior of the mixtures is discussed in terms of the variation of the excess viscosity and excess volume with temperatures and compositions. It is found that both excess volume and viscosity of the mixtures studied show a negative deviation from the ideal solution behavior, and the viscosity of the mixtures decreases drastically with the increase of temperatures and mole fractions of solvents. The excess volume of the binary mixtures is quite low, in the range of (1.0 to 1.9) cm 3 3 mol À1 ; moreover, it shows a monotonic decrease with increasing temperature for the aqueous solution of ILs and a reverse trend for the IL solutions of methanol or ethanol at any concentrations. ' INTRODUCTIONIonic liquids (ILs), as a hybrid of neutral and ionic entities, show some unique properties, like negligible volatility, good conductivity and stability, and high solvating capacity for polar and nonpolar compounds, and are deemed as a potential greener solvent for many reactions and separation processes. For example, ILs might be applicable in the extractive desulfurization of fuel oils 1,2 and in extractive distillation of some mixtures with close boiling points or azeotropes 3,4 depending on the task and specific constituents of ILs. From the application point of view, it is necessary to know the physical and thermodynamic properties of ILs and their mixtures with other solvents, for example, density and viscosity, for the process design. From the academic point of view, the physical and thermodynamic data are also crucial in understanding the structureÀproperty relationship of ILs and the interaction between different ILs and solvents, in developing thermodynamic models, 5 and accordingly guiding the design of a task-specific ILs for different purposes.By far, many experimental data of density and viscosity of pure ILs have been reported and documented in some recent reviews; 6,7 however, the same property data for the IL-containing mixtures are quite scarce in comparison with the huge amount of IL species and possible combination approaches with different solvents. In our group, a series of vaporÀliquid equilibrium data have been measured for waterÀmethanolÀethanol systems containing an imidazolium-based ILs with a dialkylphosphate anion, for example, [MMIM][DMP], [EMIM][DEP], [BMIM][DBP], and [EEIM] [DEP], 8À10 aimed to find an appropriate entrainer for the efficient separation of ethanolÀwater solution. It is found that some of these ILs have a profound salting-out effect and can even break the azeotropic phenomena of the ethanolÀwater mixture at a specified IL-content and facilitate the distillation separation. To our understanding, these halog...

Four metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are synthesized using two different metal centers and two different organic ligands, viz., Cu3[C6H3(CO2)3]2 (Cu-BTC), Cu[O2C–C6H4–CO2] (Cu-BDC), Cr(OH)[O2C–C6H4–CO2] (Cr-BDC), and Cr3F(H2O)3O[C6H3(CO2)3]2 (Cr-BTC). Their adsorption behaviors for thiophenic sulfurs in model diesel oils are systematically investigated at mild temperatures and follow the order Cu-BTC > Cr-BDC > Cr-BTC ≫ Cu-BDC. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of different sulfur compounds follows the order dibenzothiophene (DBT) > benzothiophene (BT) > 3-methylthiophene (3-MT). The MOFs adsorption mechanism is regarded as a combined effect of many factors involving appropriate framework structure, suitable pore size and shape, and exposed Lewis acid site matching the S-compound to be adsorbed. The difference in adsorptive activity among the organosulfurs is mainly ascribed to their π-electron number and the electron density on the S-atom. Finally, the used MOF can be easily regenerated by solvent washing and recycled at least five times.

The adsorptive desulfurization ability of four inorganic Lewis acids (AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 , ZnCl 2 , and CuCl) for three thiophenic S-compounds, viz., 3-methylthiophene (3-MT), benzothiophene (BT), and dibenzothiophene (DBT), from their model oils were studied here experimentally at 290 K. The results were explained in terms of the theory of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) reasonably. The results show that AlCl 3 has excellent removal ability for 3-MT with its adsorbance being 141.4 without toluene and 123.0 mgS/g with 25 wt % toluene. It is noteworthy that 3-MT is removed solely through complexing adsorption; in contrast, BT is adsorbed, accompanied with the formation of oil soluble BT oligomers under catalysis of AlCl 3 which can promote the complexation greatly. Further, the addition of benzene and toluene can accelerate the desulfurization rate of 3-MT and BT due to the concentration of aromatics on the adsorbent and the oligomerization between BT and the aromatics.

The discovery of new carbon materials and the reactive activation of CaC are challenging subjects. In this study, a series of alkynyl carbon materials (ACMs) were synthesized by the interfacial mechanochemical reaction of CaC with four typical polyhalogenated hydrocarbons. Their properties and structures were characterized, and their electrochemical performances were examined. The reaction was rapid and efficient arising from the intense mechanical activation of CaC. The ACMs are micro-mesoporous materials with distinct layered structure, specific graphitization degree, and clear existence of sp-C. In addition, the ACMs exhibit high specific capacitance in the range of 57-133 F g and thus can be ideal candidates for active materials used in supercapacitors. The results may imply an alternative synthesis of carbon allotropes, as well as an efficient approach for the activation of CaC.

To develop a greener process for reclaiming phenolic compounds from low temperature coal tar, extractive performance of twelve extractants, including mono-, di-, and triethanol amines (MEA, DEA, TEA), six protonated ionic liquids (ILs) thereof with formate (FA) or acetate (Ac) anion, choline chloride, and two polyols (glycol, glycerol), were studied at varying conditions, along with the back extractability of phenols by ether. The extraction performance is MEA > DEA > TEA ≈ ILs > glycol > glycerol, while the back extraction performance of ether is just the opposite. The coexistent toluene in oil and temperature show a little influence on the extraction performance of alcoholic amines and their corresponding ILs. The extraction performance of extractants is consistent with their complexability with phenol, i.e. ethanol amines > ether > ILs > polyols, as manifested by the red shift of the UV spectrum of phenol in the above solvents. [HMEA]FA is the most promising extractant for its overall extraction performance, cheapness, and other favorable physical attributes.

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in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).Lewis hard acid AlCl 3 was softened by some butyl halides forming highly polarized liquids. These liquids are similar to the ionic liquids (ILs) with metallic complex anion and varying composition, and thus termed here as carbonium pseudo ILs (CPILs). The CPILs, that is, t-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 , n-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 , and t-C 4 H 9 Br-AlCl 3 , show very strong desulfurization activity for various thiophenic compounds like 3-methylthiophene, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene. The above thiophenic compounds can be removed completely from model oils within 20 min by a very small amount of CPILs reactive extractant. The extractive mechanism is deemed as an acid-base complexation along with alkylation of the thiophenic compounds, and the Lewis acidity comes from both carbonium ion (borderline acid) and the dissolved AlCl 3 (hard acid). The t-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 shows good selectivity for three thiophenic compounds even in toluene-containing system. Further, some CPILs show satisfactory desulfurization performance for the model gasoline that mimics the composition of real one.Two alkyl halides, namely t-butyl chloride and n-butyl chloride, were used to soften hard acid AlCl 3 to explore their Figure 1. The three S-compounds in model oil.

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