Traditional villages are a valuable cultural asset that occupy an important position in Chinese traditional culture. This study focuses on 206 traditional villages in Hebei Province and aims to explore their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors using ArcGIS spatial analysis. The analysis shows that traditional villages in Hebei Province were distributed in clusters during different historical periods, and eventually formed three core clusters in Shijiazhuang, Zhangjiakou and Xingtai-Handan after different historical periods. Moreover, the overall distribution of traditional villages in Hebei Province is very uneven, with clear regional differences, and most of them are concentrated in the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains. To identify the factors influencing traditional villages, natural environmental factors, socio-economic factors, and historical and cultural factors are considered. The study finds that socio-economic and natural environmental factors alternate in the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Hebei Province. The influence of the interaction of these factors increases significantly, and socio-economic factors have a stronger influence on the spatial distribution. Specifically, the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Hebei Province is influenced by natural environmental factors, while socio-economic factors act as drivers of spatial distribution. Historical and cultural factors act as catalysts of spatial distribution, and policy directions are external forces of spatial distribution. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of traditional villages in Hebei Province, which can be used to develop effective strategies for rural revitalisation in China.
Gas sensors with excellent stability and a high response at room temperature has drawn a great deal of attention and demand for them is huge. Surface designs provide inspiration toward making more useful sensor devices. The facile electrospinning process and Ar plasma treatment are used to fabricate rich and stable oxygen vacancies that contain a core-shell structured SnO 2 polyaniline (PANI) nanotube. It shows that the induced surface oxygen vacancies would accelerate the PANI shell to generate more protons, which can enhance its sensor responsibility through reacting with the target Ammonia (NH 3) gas. It was also found that the obtained oxygen vacancies can be well-protected by the coated PANI shell, which enhance and stabilize the gas response. It shows that the room temperature for the gas response of NH 3 can reach up to 35.3 at 100 ppm. Finally, its good stability is demonstrated by the response-recovery performances carried out over 3 months and multiple cycles. This work indicates that this well-designed PANI-coated plasma-treated SnO 2 is a potential way to design ammonia gas sensors.
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