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Highlights  A 'performance gap' is found to exist between measured and modelled building fabric performance.  Highly accurate measurement of building fabric properties (i.e. U-values and air permeability) is possible under controlled conditions.  Calibration of building energy models using accurate measurements of the building's fabric properties reduces the observed performance gap.

SUMMARYBuildings and their related activities are responsible for a large portion of the energy consumed in China. It is therefore worthwhile to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. This paper describes a low energy building design in Hangzhou, south China. A hybrid ventilation system which employs both natural and mechanical ventilation was used for the building due to the severity of the climate. The passive ventilation system was tested using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the results showed that, in the mid-seasons, natural ventilation for the building is viable. The likely thermal performance of the building design throughout the year was evaluated using Dynamic Thermal Simulation (DTS) with local hourly standard weather data. It is concluded that the hybrid ventilation system is a feasible, low energy approach for building design, even in subtropical climates such as south China.

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Aryl-substituted pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole as a new AIE unit modified by different electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents to obtain AIEgens.

This study describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of naturally ventilated double-skin facades (DSFs) with Venetian blinds inside the facade cavity. The 2D modelling work investigates the coupled convective, conductive and radiative heat transfer through the DSF system. The angles of the Venetian blind can be adjusted and a series of angles (08, 308, 458, 608 and 808) have been modelled. The modelling results are compared with the measurements from a section of a prototype-facade testing facility and with predictions from a component-based nodal model. Agreement between the three methods is generally good. It is thought that discrepancies in the results are caused by the simplification of the CFD model resulting in less turbulence mixing within the facade cavity. The CFD simulation output suggests that the presence of the Venetian blinds is able to enhance the natural ventilation flow within the facade cavity and significantly reduce the heat gains to the internal environment. It was also found that the convective heat transfer coefficients on the glazing surfaces are insensitive to the blind angles. The work demonstrated the capability of CFD for modelling complicated heat transfer processes through the DSF system and offered some guidance for CFD practitioners who wish to model similar type of flow.