Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, is an important aromatic plant that has been widely used in medicine and perfumery. Here, we report a 1.94 Gb chromosome-scale assembly of the patchouli genome (contig N50 = 7.97 Mb). The gene annotation reveals that tandem duplication of sesquiterpene biosynthetic genes may be a major contributor to the biosynthesis of patchouli bioactivity components. We further phase the genome into two distinct subgenomes (A and B), and identify a chromosome substitution event that have occurred between them. Further investigations show that a burst of universal LTR-RTs in the A subgenome lead to the divergence between two subgenomes. However, no significant subgenome dominance is detected. Finally, we track the evolutionary scenario of patchouli including whole genome tetraploidization, subgenome divergency, hybridization, and chromosome substitution, which are the key forces to determine the complexity of patchouli genome. Our work sheds light on the evolutionary history of patchouli and offers unprecedented genomic resources for fundamental patchouli research and elite germplasm development.
BackgroundChildhood maltreatment is known as a significant risk factor for later depression. However, there remains a lack of understanding about the mechanisms through which childhood maltreatment confers risk for depression. This study explores how Qi-stagnation constitution (QSC) and emotion regulation affect the link between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms in Chinese college students.MethodsWe recruited 2,108 college students aged 18–25 years between November 2020 and December 2021. Participants were required to complete four self-report questionnaires, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Qi-Stagnation Constitution (QSC) subscale of the simplified Chinese Medicine Constitution Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Moderated mediation analyses were conducted.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between childhood maltreatment and QSC, while the QSC partially mediated the effect of childhood maltreatment on depressive scores in college students. In addition, emotion dysregulation moderated the association between QSC and depressive scores.ConclusionThese results enhance understanding of key factors influencing the link between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms among college students by combining the theory of TCM constitution with psychological processes. The development of strategies to prevent biased Qi-stagnation constitution and emotion dysregulation may help to improve college students’ mental health and strengthen the resilience of individuals to depression.
As an important medicinal and aromatic plant, patchouli is distributed throughout most of Asia. However, current research on patchouli’s genetic diversity is limited and lacks genome-wide studies. Here, we have collected seven representative patchouli accessions from different localities and performed whole-genome resequencing on them. In total, 402,650 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 153,233 insertions/deletions (INDELs) were detected. Based on these abundant genetic variants, patchouli accessions were primarily classified into the Chinese group and the Southeast Asian group. However, the accession SP (Shipai) collected from China formed a distinct subgroup within the Southeast Asian group. As SP has been used as a genuine herb in traditional Chinese medicine, its unique molecular markers have been subsequently screened and verified. For 26,144 specific SNPs and 16,289 specific INDELs in SP, 10 of them were validated using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) following three different approaches. Further, we analyzed the effects of total genetic variants on genes involved in the sesquiterpene synthesis pathway, which produce the primary phytochemical compounds found in patchouli. Eight genes were ultimately investigated and a gene encoding nerolidol synthetase (PatNES) was chosen and confirmed through biochemical assay. In accession YN, genetic variants in PatNES led to a loss of synthetase activity. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the diversity of patchouli germplasm resources.
The family of Erinaceidae comprises 26 extant species in the subfamily Erinaceinae of spiny hedgehogs and the subfamily Galericinae of silky-furred gymnures and moonrats. These animals inhabit various habitats from tropical forests to deserts in Eurasia and Africa. Previous studies hinted that species diversity was likely underestimated. Moreover, erinaceids are among the oldest known living placental mammals originating more than 60 million years ago. The rich fossil records represent both living subfamilies and an extinct subfamily Brachyericinae. Comprehensive understanding of evolutionary history and taxonomic diversity is hampered by the unavailability of samples and the incorporation of molecular and morphological data. Here, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens and morphological data to reconstruct the genealogical relationships of Erinaceidae. Our results finely resolved interspecific relationships of living species and unveiled underestimated species diversity not only in Hylomys as revealed in previous studies, also in Neotetracus gymnures and Atelerix, Hemiechinus, and Paraechinus hedgehogs. The two extinct subfamilies, Brachyericinae and Erinaceinae were supported as sister taxa. There is a hint of a close relationship between fossil Galerix and Southeast Asian Hylomys. These findings highlight the potentiality of museomics but also found an overestimation of divergence times using mitogenomes as revealed in previous studies.
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