When spatial equilibrium fails: is place-based policy second best, Regional Studies. Place-based or geographically targeted policy often is promoted to help poor regions. Based on the spatial equilibrium model, economists routinely argue that place-based policies are distortionary and only slow the needed economic adjustments. This paper reviews the empirical evidence about whether the spatial equilibrium model holds in reality and finds that, even in the United States where labour mobility is thought to be much higher than in Europe, at best weak support for the spatial equilibrium hypothesis is found. Although this suggests potential efficacy of place-based policy, the informational and political economy conditions required for place-based policy to be effective are described. Spatial equilibrium Place-based policy Labour mobility PARTRIDGE M. D., RICKMAN D. S., OLFERT M. R. and TAN Y. 当空间均衡失效时:根据地方的政策是次优的吗?区域 研究。根据地方、或以特定地理为目标的政策,经常被推广来协助穷困区域。经济学者根据空间均衡模式,週而復 始地主张根据地方的政策是扭曲的,且只会减缓必要的经济调整。本文回顾空间均衡模式在现实中是否成立的经验 证据,并发现:即便在劳动流动性被认为远较欧洲为高的美国,也仅能发现对于空间均衡假说的微弱支持。儘管此 一发现指出根据地方的政策的潜在效力,但也描绘了该政策得以生效所必须具备的资讯及政治经济条件。 空间均衡 根据地方的政策 劳动流动性 PARTRIDGE M. D., RICKMAN D. S., OLFERT M. R. et TAN Y.En cas d'échec de l'équilibre spatial: une politique adaptée au milieu, est-elle une solution de second choix, Regional Studies. Souvent, la politique adaptée au milieu ou ciblée géographiquement est favorisée pour aider les régions en perte de vitesse. Fondées sur le modèle spatial d'équilibre, les économistes affirment régulièrement que les politiques adaptées au milieu ont des effets de distorsion et finissent par ralentir les ajustements économiques nécessaires. Cet article dresse un bilan des preuves empiriques qui laissent voir si, oui ou non, le modèle spatial d'équilibre est valable en réalité, et constate que, même aux États-Unis où la mobilité du tavail est considérée beaucoup plus élevée par rapport à l'Europe, il s'avère au mieux un soutien faible en faveur du modèle spatial d'équilibre. Bien que cela laisse supposer l'efficacité potentielle de la politique adaptée au milieu, on présente les conditions informationnelles et d'économie politique qui sont nécessaires à la réussite de la politique adaptée au milieu.Équilibre spatial Politique adaptée au milieu Mobilité du travail PARTRIDGE M. D., RICKMAN D. S., OLFERT M. R. und TAN Y. Wenn das räumliche Gleichgewicht scheitert: ist eine ortsbasierte Politik das Zweitbeste, Regional Studies. Zur Unterstützung von armen Regionen wird oft für eine ortsbasierte oder geografisch zielgerichtete Politik plädiert. Ausgehend vom räumlichen Gleichgewichtsmodell argumentieren Ökonomen gewöhnlich, dass ortsbasierte Politiken zu Verzerrungen führen und die nötigen wirtschaftlichen Anpassungen nur hinauszögern. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die empirischen Belege dafür, dass das räumliche Gleichgewichtsmodell der Realität gewachsen ist, und stellen fest, dass selbst in den USA, wo von einer weitaus höheren Mobilität der Arbeitskräfte ausgegangen wird als in Europa, bestenfalls schwache Bel...
Despite the attention given to international trade in discussion of the economic struggles of many U.S. regions, it is unclear whether international trade shocks impact local economies more, or differently than shocks originating within the domestic economy. A challenge in making this discernment is separating trade shocks from common or domestic shocks. Therefore, using U.S. county-level data for 1990-2010, this study carefully constructs shocks to local economies, isolating those arising from international imports and exports to assess whether trade shocks have different effects from domestic shocks. In confirmatory analysis, we also employ a novel combination of IV and matching strategies. We examine a variety of indicators including employment growth, population growth, employment rates, wage rates and poverty rates. The results suggest that international trade shocks have some different effects than overall domestic shocks, though likely less than commonly perceived. We also find that domestic shocks dominate international trade shocks in explaining variation in regional labor market outcomes.
Immovable historical relics in some archeology museums of China suffer deterioration due to their improper preservation environment. The existing environmental control systems used in archeology museums are often designed for the amenities of visitors, and these manipulated environments are often inappropriate for the conservation of abiotic relics. This paper points out that the large open space of the existing archeology museum could be a cause of deterioration of the relics from the point of view of indoor air convective flow. The paper illustrates the need to introduce a local pit environmental control, which could reintegrate a pit primitive environment for the preservation of the historical relics by using an air curtain system, orientated to isolate the unearthed relics, semiexposed in pits to the large gallery open space of the exhibition hall.
The strong U.S. real income gains and reductions in poverty during the 1990s were largely erased in the following decade, which contained two economic recessions and tepid job growth otherwise. Areas most affected by weak U.S. economic performance could be expected to also have experienced the largest increases in poverty, particularly if interregional labor market adjustment diminished during the decade. We examine this issue, finding that not only was regional poverty affected by regional labor demand shocks, the effect was stronger post-2000. Consistent with the poverty results are findings of greater post-2000 regional labor demand effects on employment rates and reduced population adjustments to asymmetric labor demand shocks.
Mining abandoned lands had become a new problem encountered in the process of urbanization in China. This article described a research of typical case, which took Nanjing city as the study space, and abandoned lands of open-pit mines as the study type. With an site investigation and data analysis, this research focused on the following four aspects: hierarchical size, mining methods, location distribution, and reuse situation. Working over the characteristics of current situation, this article pointed out existing problems and set goals. Then two advices were given to the further reuse work of open-pit mines abandoned lands in Nanjing. The first one is implementation by sorting and in batches, and the second one is economic measures combined effectively.
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