A tentative amplified fragment length polymorphism-simple sequence repeat (AFLP-SSR) linkage map of Laminaria was constructed using a haploid population of 40 gametophyte clones isolated from an individual of Dongfang No. 2, the first commercially cultured hybrid of a female gametophyte clone of L. japonica Aresch. [=Saccharina japonica (Aresch.) C. E. Lane, C. Mayes et G. W. Saunders] and a male one of L. longissima Miyabe [=Saccharina longissima (Miyabe) C. E. Lane, C. Mayes et G. W. Saunders]. To the map, 263 markers (255 AFLP, seven SSR, and the gametophyte sex) were assigned. The map consisted of 25 linkage groups (LGs) with ≥ four markers, five triplets, and 15 doublets, which is 1,629.0 centiMorgans (cM) in length, covering 66% of Laminaria genome. The maximum space between loci is 24.63 cM. A putative sex-determining region was identified in LG2 , which was characterized by a dense marker distribution around the gametophyte sex locus. The linkage map itself and the methodology associated with its construction will facilitate the genetic study and further trials of the linkage map construction of Laminaria.
Green credit is an important financial tool to coordinate the relationship between economic development and environmental protection. The Green Credit Guidelines (GCGs) issued in 2012 comprise the first formal, dedicated green credit policy. To test the effectiveness of the GCGs in green governance, in this study, we use the differences-in-differences (DID) method to test the impact of the implementation of the GCGs on enterprise green mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and further examine the performance of green M&As. The results show that the implementation of the GCGs have significantly promoted the green M&A activities of heavily polluting enterprises, and the promotion effect is more significant in enterprises with poor green innovation ability and enterprises with low financial marketization levels. Further research reveals that green M&As can improve the green innovation performance of enterprises. From the perspective of green M&As, in this paper, we expand the research on the effect of green credit policy, providing a decision-making reference for the promotion and improvement of subsequent green credit policy.
In contemporary European policy discussion, "innovation" is a term popularly used for fi nding responses to the pressure of global competition. In various forms of innovation, the accent is mainly given to technical and business innovation but less to social innovation. Th is article studies the issue of social innovation with reference to the local practice in Hangzhou city, which aims to strengthen the life quality of citizens in this city. Th ese practices develop various forms of inter-sectoral collaboration, resulting in numerous "common denominator subject" (CDS) groups that are promoted by the local government. Th ese practices follow the principles of cooperation and partnership, and thus develop a corporatist mechanism for urban development. Th rough discussion of these practices this article explores the nature and the features of these CDS groups, and evaluates its meaning for social innovation, local administration, life quality and social quality.
The positive effects of servant leadership to innovation performance have been proved by many studies around the world. On this base, this study introduces performance control levels as a moderator to test its effects on the relationship between servant leadership and personnel's innovation performance. 387 questionnaires are collected from personnel in different industries. According to data analysis, servant leadership has significant positive effect on personnel's innovation performance. Performance control moderates the strength servant leadership affecting personnel's innovation performance.
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