Countries are often characterized with a diverse set of subcultures, exerting different impacts on innovation among different ethnic groups. This article comparatively analyzes how national culture, as measured by Hofstede's six cultural values, influences the entrepreneurial innovativeness (EI) of three Malaysian ethnic firms (Malaysian Chinese, Indian, and Malays). Based on a systematic investigation of survey data of 450 small to medium-sized firms (SMEs), we find positive influences of indulgence, collectivism, and low power distance on EI among the three ethnic entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Our study also finds that three other cultural values have a differential impact on Malaysia's ethnic groups. While long-term orientation exerts a significant impact on Malaysian Chinese, masculinity and low uncertainty avoidance have significant but (surprisingly) opposite impacts on the three ethnic entrepreneurs. These similar and different impacts of cultural values on EI among different ethnic groups generates significant theoretical and practical implications.

In this research students completing hospitality internships evaluated 16 behaviours seen in the workplace on a regular basis as to whether they perceived the behaviours as ethical or not. Overall results suggest ethics is a multidimensional construct that can be tied to established theoretical foundations. Findings support the impact of cultural background and gender in the assessment of ethical behaviour. No evidence was found to support differences in the assessment of ethical behaviour based upon whether students were identified with generation X or generation Y. Study results offer implications for education, training, communication, and future research.

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