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The Krupp-Koppers (K-K) extractive distillation method with N-formylmorpholine (NFM) as the solvent is one of the most important processes for catalytic hydrogen refining of rude benzene. To increase the capacity and selectivity of the solvent and decrease the ratio of solvent to feed in this process, ethylene glycol (EG), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) were introduced as the cosolvent with NFM. The relative volatility of cyclohexane to benzene (R) at a certain R stf (liquid-phase ratio of solvent to feed) was considered as a criterion of the performance of cosolvent. The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for benzene + NFM, EG + NFM, benzene + cyclohexane + NFM, benzene + cyclohexane + NFM + EG, benzene + cyclohexane + NFM + DMF, and benzene + cyclohexane + NFM + NMP were measured at atmospheric pressure. VLE data of benzene + NFM, EG + NFM, benzene + cyclohexane + NFM, and benzene + cyclohexane + NFM + EG were calculated by the nonrandom twoliquid (NRTL) model. The average temperature deviations of benzene + cyclohexane + NFM and benzene + cyclohexane + NFM + EG systems are (1.40 and 3.19) K, respectively. The average deviations of the vapor-phase mole fraction of benzene are 0.030 and 0.066, respectively.

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To investigate the possibility of improving the quality of rice rich in resistant starch through operation of nonstarch polysaccharides, the high dietary fibre (7.24%) mutant cw and its wild-type R7954 were selected to study the physiochemical characteristics of starch before and after removal of nonstarch polysaccharides. Results showed that hydrolysed or partially hydrolysed nonstarch polysaccharides in cw decreased the resistant starch content significantly, from 15.23% to 10.8%. Nonstarch polysaccharides had significant influences on the gelatinisation temperature, RVA parameters of R7954, but no significant influences on that of cw. For cw, removal of cellulose increased swelling power and adhesiveness, decreased the hardness significantly, from 0.3 to 0.23 N, while the resistant starch content was still as high as 13.72% and showed no significant difference from the wild type. This suggests that the influences of nonstarch polysaccharides on starch properties depend both on the type of rice and the nonstarch polysaccharides. Operation on nonstarch polysaccharides for obtaining rice with lower glycemic index is feasible, but operation on nonstarch polysaccharides may also be an alternative way of improving the palatability for rice high in resistant starch.

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To investigate the biocompatibility of polyaniline nanomaterials as the drug carrier, polyaniline nanospheres with high-molecular weight (Mw ~48,000) and nanofibers with low-molecular weight (Mw ~4000) were prepared and cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity test, and histopathology examination were performed. Cytotoxicity test showed that both nanofibers and nanospheres were quite toxic to BV2 microglia cells at higher concentration and the former were more toxic than the latter. No clear sign of acute toxicity was found after oral administration. However, histopathology section demonstrated slight liver damage present when administrated polyaniline nanofibers with 100 mg/mL. The results revealed that the higher of the molecular weight, the lower toxicity it had. Preparing polyaniline with higher molecular weight may be one of the methods to obtain polyaniline with good biocompatibility. The results gave a better understanding of biocompatibility of polyaniline nanomaterial and made it more practical in medical field.

Materials possessing multiple features of ultrathinness, flexibility and foldability, high-temperature resistance, and superb electromagnetic interference shielding performance are urgently needed for future portable and wearable electronics. Herein, highly flexible, robust, and porous graphene films (GFs) are controllably fabricated via a strategically combined chemical reduction with a rapid confined foaming approach. The spatially confined foaming at 500 °C in air endows the annealed GFs (AGFs) with integrated functionalities including a significantly improved surface smoothness, a lower sheet resistance, an elevated high-temperature endurance, a tailored hierarchical porous architecture, and elimination of iodine doping synchronous impurities. The resultant AGFs exhibit an excellent self-recovering elastic property, outstanding reliability during a large number of repetitive bending cycles, and remarkable flexibility and mechanical strength. More laudably, compared to the shielding effectiveness (SE) of GFs fabricated by individual HI reduction (28.63 dB) and thermal reduction (19.37 dB), the AGFs present a greatly improved SE up to a superior level of 48.37 dB due to the enhanced absorption of microwaves in the well-constructed highly conductive and hierarchical porous structure. Therefore, such thin AGFs possessing excellent flexibility and elasticity and high-temperature durability associated with superb shielding performance offer strong potential applications in the field of portable and wearable devices.