Ethylenediammonium diiodide (EDAI2) served as an effective additive for tin-based perovskite solar cells to attain a power conversion efficiency approaching 9%.

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Hydrogels of poly­(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate that are cross-linked with boric acid (PVA-B) hydrogels can be stable in water when they are further cross-linked with a nucleophile complex that replaces the boron complex. The B­(OH)3 dimer cores, rather than the BO4 – cores, constitute the skeleton of the PVA-B matrix under neutral or acidic conditions. The nucleophiles SO4 2–, NO3 – and H2PO4 –, can substitute up to 52, 44, and 59% of the boron cores in the PVA-B matrix to form shape-stable PVA hydrogels with isotactic segments at d:B ratios of 3.0:1, 2.6:1, and 3.5:1, respectively. The boron substitution is proposed to be achieved by allowing nucleophiles to attack carbon atoms that are linked to the B3 complex and replace one B­(OH)3 from the dimer core via Walden inversion mechanisms at 1:1 stoichiometry. Shape-stable PVA-S immobilized copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) hydrogels were synthesized to effectively adsorb cesium (Cs) ions from a water.