Renewable energy sources have emerged as an alternative to meet the growing demand for energy, mitigate climate change, and contribute to sustainable development. The integration of these systems is carried out in a distributed manner via microgrid systems; this provides a set of technological solutions that allows information exchange between the consumers and the distributed generation centers, which implies that they need to be managed optimally. Energy management in microgrids is defined as an information and control system that provides the necessary functionality, which ensures that both the generation and distribution systems supply energy at minimal operational costs. This paper presents a literature review of energy management in microgrid systems using renewable energies, along with a comparative analysis of the different optimization objectives, constraints, solution approaches, and simulation tools applied to both the interconnected and isolated microgrids. To manage the intermittent nature of renewable energy, energy storage technology is considered to be an attractive option due to increased technological maturity, energy density, and capability of providing grid services such as frequency response. Finally, future directions on predictive modeling mainly for energy storage systems are also proposed.

Context: To meet the world's energy demand, photovoltaic solar energy has emerged as a sustainable, environmentally friendly renewable energy, used as an alternative to mitigate climate change caused by the use of energy from fossil fuels. therefore, it is very important to study the behavior of these photovoltaic modules under real operating conditions. Method: Two stand-alone photovoltaic systems were implemented, one of monocrystalline technology and another polycrystalline, each of data acquisition system of temperature, humidity, voltage and current, which are acquired in a synchronized manner over a period of 3 months, under local weather conditions of Fusagasugá.Results: The temperature, humidity, irradiance, voltage and current data are used to obtain curves showing the energy performance of the polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules. Conclusions:The results of this study can help predict the output characteristics of photovoltaic system, mainly when the weather conditions change such as temperature, humidity and irradiance. A better performance of the monocrystalline module in the polycrystalline is evidenced.

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El cambio climático es actualmente una gran preocupación para la sociedad humana, en particular debido a nuestra alta dependencia a los combustibles fósiles. Una cantidad considerable de esfuerzo investigativo se centra en los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos (PV). En dichos sistemas, la eficiencia en la conversión de energía es un tema de investigación activa y múltiples enfoques se están desarrollando para resolver este problema. Uno de estos enfoques son los sistemas de seguimiento solar, donde los paneles se mueven con respecto al sol con el fin de captar la máxima radiación solar directa. En este trabajo se propone un sistema de seguimiento solar fotovoltaico de un eje empleando como mecanismo de acción un servomotor y luego se realiza la comparación de su eficiencia energética con respecto a una instalación fotovoltaica fija. El sistema fue probado en la ciudad de Fusagasugá, Colombia, que se encuentra en una región tropical.