High-quality
host materials are indispensable for the construction
in the emitting layer of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs),
especially in a guest and host system. The good carrier transport
and energy transfer between the host and emitters are out of necessity.
In this work, a wide bandgap and bipolar organic compound, 2,2′-bis(4,5-diphenyl-(1,2,4)-triazol-3-yl)biphenyl
(
BTBP
), conjugating two electron-transporting triazole
moieties on a hole-transporting biphenyl core, was synthesized and
characterized. The wide bandgap of 4.0 eV makes the promise in efficient
energy transfer between the host and various color emitters to apply
as the universal host, especially for blue emitters. The close electron
and hole mobilities perform the same order of 10
–5
cm
2
·V
–1
·s
–1
, identified as bipolar behavior and benefited for carrier balance
at low bias. Although carrier transportation belongs to bipolar behavior
at a low electrical field, the electron mobility is much faster than
the hole one at a high electrical field and belongs to electron-transporting
behavior. Employing the
BTBP
as the host matrix mixed
with a phosphor dopant, iridium(III)bis[4,6-di-fluorophenyl-pyridinato-N,C
2
]picolinate, a high-efficiency sky-blue phosphorescent organic
light-emitting diode (OLED) was achieved with a maximum current efficiency
of 65.9 cd/A, maximum power efficiency of 62.8 lm/W, and maximum external
quantum efficiency of 30.2%.
We report a novel approach to selectively close single blood vessels within tissue using multiphoton absorption–based photothermolysis (multiphoton photothermolysis) without the need of exogenous agents. The treatment process is monitored by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy in real time. Closure of single targeted vessels of varying sizes ranging from capillaries to venules was demonstrated. We also demonstrated that deeply situated blood vessels could be closed precisely while preserving adjacent overlying superficial blood vessels. In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy of the treatment sites confirmed vessel closure as being mediated by local coagulative damage. Partial vessel occlusion could be achieved, and it is accompanied by increased intravascular blood cell speed. Multiphoton photothermolysis under real-time reflectance confocal imaging guidance provides a novel precision medicine approach for noninvasive, precise microsurgery treatment of vascular diseases on a per-vessel/per-lesion basis. The method could also be used for building ischemic stroke models for basic biology study.
Adenosine exerts a key role in analgesia. In the present study, adenosine-induced Ca(2+) responses were revealed by using confocal microscopy imaging in the rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in vitro. Our results showed that adenosine could evoke increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in the DRG neurons. In addition, by application of selective receptor antagonists, two types of receptors, A1R and A3R, were identified to be involved in the adenosine-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in neurons. Altogether, these results suggest that confocal microscopy imaging combined with fluorescent dyes could help to detect the analgesic-induced ion signaling in single cell.
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