C-terminally encoded peptides (CEPs) are small peptides, typically post-translationally modified, and highly conserved in many species. CEPs are known to inhibit plant growth and development, but the mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, fourteen CEPs were identified in Setaria italica and were divided into two groups. The transcripts of most SiCEPs were more abundant in roots than in other detected tissues. SiCEP3 to SiCEP5 were also expressed highly in panicles. Moreover, expression of all SiCEPs was induced by abiotic stresses and phytohormones. SiCEP3 overexpression and application of biosynthetic SiCEP3 both inhibited seedling growth. In the presence of abscisic acid, growth inhibition and ABA content of seedlings increased with the concentration of SiCEP3. Transcripts encoding eight ABA transporters and six ABA receptors were induced or repressed by SiCEP3, ABA, and the combination. Further analysis using loss-of-function mutants of genes involved in Arabidopsis ABA transporters, receptors, biosynthesis and degradation revealed that SiCEP3 promoted ABA import at least via NRT1.2 and ABCG40. In addition, SiCEP3, ABA, or the combination inhibited the kinase activities of CEP receptors CEPR1/2. Taken together, our results indicated that the CEP-CEPR module mediate ABA signaling by regulating ABA transporters and ABA receptors in planta.
Grain yield and salt tolerance are critical for crop production. However, the genetic and biochemical basis underlying the trade-off of these characters remain poorly described in crops. We show here that SiPLATZ12 transcription factor positively regulates multiple elite yield traits at the expense of salt tolerance in foxtail millet. SiPLATZ12 overexpression increases seed size, panicle length, and stem diameter, while reduces plant height and salt tolerance in foxtail millet. A 9-bp insertion in the SiPLATZ12 promoter has a significant effect on the different expression of SiPLATZ12, multiple yield traits mentioned above, and salt tolerance between foxtail millet and its wild ancestor green foxtail. Moreover, SiPLATZ12 upregulates the expression of genes involved in seed development, but repressing the transcription of NHX and SOS related genes to regulate Na+, K+ and pH homoestasis. Therefore, our results uncover a domesticated site that could be used to improve grain yield in foxtail millet.
Salt stress is an important limiting factor of crop production. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is an important model crop for studying tolerance to various abiotic stressors. Therefore, examining the response of foxtail millet to salt stress at the molecular level is critical. Herein, we discovered that SiDi19-3 interacts with SiPLATZ12 to control salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and foxtail millet seedlings. SiDi19-3 overexpression increased the transcript levels of most Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX), salt overly sensitive (SOS), and calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) genes and improved the salt tolerance of foxtail millet and Arabidopsis. Six SiDi19 genes were isolated from foxtail millet. Compared with roots, stems, and leaves, panicles and seeds had higher transcript levels of SiDi19 genes. All of them responded to salt, alkaline, polyethylene glycol, and/or abscisic acid treatments with enhanced expression levels. These findings indicate that SiDi19-3 and other SiDi19 members regulate salt tolerance and other abiotic stress response in foxtail millet.
C-terminally encoded peptides (CEPs) are small peptides, typically post-translationally modified, and highly conserved in many species. CEPs are known to play roles in inhibition of plant growth and regulation of development, but the mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we searched for CEP peptides in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The 14 peptides we identified are divided into two subfamilies. The transcripts of most SiCEPs were more abundant in roots than in other tissues. SiCEP3, SiCEP4, and SiCEP5 were also expressed at high levels in panicles. Moreover, expression of all SiCEPs was induced by biotic stress and phytohormones. SiCEP3 overexpression and application of biosynthetic SiCEP3 both inhibited the growth of seedlings. In the presence of ABA, growth inhibition and ABA content of seedlings increased with the concentration of SiCEP3. Transcripts encoding two ABA transporters and one ABA receptor were induced by SiCEP3, ABA, and the two in combination. Further analysis revealed that SiCEP3 promoted ABA transport via NRT1.2 and ABCG40. In addition, SiCEP3, ABA, or the combination inhibited the kinase activities of CEP receptors CEPR1/2. Taken together, our results indicated that the CEP–CEPR module mediates ABA signaling by regulating ABCG40, NRT1.2, and PYL4 in planta.HighlightSiCEP3, a C-terminally encoded peptide, can promote ABA import and signaling pathway by inhibiting the kinase activity of its receptors under abiotic stress in Setaria italica.
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