Curcumin had better results for total tendon healing not only histologically but also biomechanically. Curcumin could be an additional agent in the management of surgically repaired tendon injuries.

Farm tractor skidding is one of the common methods of timber extraction in Turkey. However, the absence of an optimal skidding plan covering the entire production area can result in time loss and negative environmental impacts. In this study, the timber extraction by farm tractors was analyzed, and a new skid trail pattern design was developed using Linear Programming (LP) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). First, a sample skidding operation was evaluated with a time study, and an optimum skidding model was generated with LP. Then, the new skidding pattern was developed by an optimum skidding model and GIS analysis. At the end of the study, the developed new skid trail pattern was implemented in the study area and tested by running a time study. Using the newly developed "Direct Skid Trail Pattern (DSTP)" model, a 16.84% increase in working time performance was observed when the products were extracted by farm tractors compared to the existing practices. On the other hand, the average soil compaction value measured in the study area at depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm was found to be greater in the sample area skid trails than in the control points. The average density of the skid trails was 281 m/ha, while it decreased to 187 m/ha by using the developed pattern. It was also found that 44,829 ton/ha of soil losses were prevented by using the DSTP model; therefore, environmental damages were decreased.

This study compared the use of wood chips and slash to reduce the loss of sediment on newly constructed forest road slopes and investigated the annual amount of sediment loss on bare forest road slopes. A runoff block (sample field) was established for each of the four designated test sites (two cutslopes and two fillslopes). Each block had three runoff plots. One of the runoff plots was left empty for the control (CNT), while wood chips (C) and slash (S), respectively, were deposited in the other two. A total of 108 water samples were taken from the test sites and the amount of their suspended sediment calculated in the laboratory. As a result of this study, it was determined that the amount of soil loss in the control plots was about 1.26 times higher than in the slash plots and 2.21 times higher than in the wood chips plots. According to the results of variance analysis on the amounts of sediment, a statistically significant difference was found between the suspended sediment quantities transported on the road slopes (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference between the suspended sediment quantities transported in the plots and the other variables of aspect, gradient or road slope was revealed by the t-test (p > 0.05).

This study investigated the sheet erosion that occurs as a result of log skidding operations using a farm tractor on skid trails and the use of wood chips and slash in order to minimize the soil loss. A total of four blocks (sample fields) were formed in four designated skid trails in the study area and three runoff plots were established in each block. One of the runoff plots was left empty as a control (CNT). Wood chips (C) was placed in the second plot and logging residue slash (S) in the third. A total of 108 water samples were taken from the test sites, 36 from each of the control, wood chips and slash plots. The water samples were brought to the laboratory and placed in an heating oven. After the runoff water was evaporated, the remaining sediment was weighed on a sensitive scale. The specified value was calculated according to the total amount of runoff accumulated in the storage tank and the total suspended sediment it carried. As a result, the amount of the average runoff in the CNT was determined as 6.32 mm/m², in the C as 6.13 mm/m² and in the S as 6.03 mm/m². The average amount of suspended sediment transported in the CNT was found as 2.58 g m^-2, in the C as 1.61 g m^-2and in the S as 2.13 g m^-2. Therefore, the amount of soil loss in the control plots was about 1.2 times higher than in the slash plots and 1.6 times higher than in the wood chips plots. In this study, variance analysis results showed a statistically significant difference between the suspended sediment quantities carried from the plots (p &lt;0.05). This study demonstrated that logging residues can be used to reduce the sheet erosion that occurs in skid trails after log extraction.

ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, odun hammaddesinin tarım traktörleriyle sürütme şeritleri üzerinde sürütülerek bölmeden çıkarılmasında oluşan toprak ile fidan zararlarının belirlenmesi ve meydana gelen bu çevresel zararları önleyebilme imkânlarının araştırılmasıdır. Balıklı Orman İşletme Şefliği'nde (Düzce-Gölyaka) eğimi %0-33 arasında olan üretim alanları çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmada, belirlenen her bir sürütme şeridi 10 m aralıklarla örneklenmiştir. Çalışma alanında sürütme etkisinin olmadığı kontrol noktalarından, sürütme şeridine olan uzaklığı en az 25-30 m olmak üzere yine 10 m aralıklarla örnekler alınmıştır. Örnek alanlarda 0-5 cm ile 5-10 cm toprak derinlik kademesinde el penetrometresi kullanılarak toprak sıkışıklığı, sürütme şeritlerindeki toprak kayıpları ve fidan zararları ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, sürütme şeritlerinde hektarda 703 m 2 alanın toprak sıkışıklığına maruz kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Sürütme şeritlerinde devamlı sürütmeden dolayı farklı derinliklerde toprak aşınımı olmuş, hektarda 53.39 m 3 (134009 ton) toprak kaybı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sürütme şeritlerinin büyük bir bölümünde fidanların bulunmadığı, mevcut bireylerin de yatık, kırık ile sökülmüş olduğu ve hektarda 6432 adet fidanın zarar gördüğü belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bölmeden çıkarma, tarım traktörleri, toprak ve fidan zararları AbstractAims of the study, environmental problems are determined at logs extracting with farm tractors skidding on skid trail and the soil and seedling damages prevention possibility are investigated. This direction aims to; the harvesting units with the ground slope of 0-33% were selected as study area located in Balıklı Forest Enterprise Chief (Düzce-Gölyaka). The study, the skid trails were sampled at 10 m intervals. Samples were taken again at 10 m intervals from the undisturbed area protected from skidding at least 25-30 m away from the skid trails. Soil compaction at the sample areas were taken was measured at 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depths by using a hand penetrometer. Besides, soil loss and seedlings damage were measured on skid trails. Result of study, it was determined that soil compaction of 703 m 2 per hectare in skid trails. Inasmuch as continuous skidding, soil erosion was determined different depths on samples from the skid trails, It was found that soil loss of 53.39 m 3 (134009 ton) per hectare. Besides, there were not seedlings on a good part of skid trails, existing seedlings were lying, broken, and dismantled that were determined, it was found that residual damages on 6432 seedlings per hectare.