Taymaz E. and Kiliçaslan Y. (2005) Determinants of subcontracting and regional development: an empirical study on Turkish textile and engineering industries, Regional Studies 39 , 633–645. Recent studies on small‐ and medium‐sized establishments emphasize the importance of networking and regional clusters for (regional) industrial development. This study is focused on an important form of cooperation between firms: the subcontracting relationship. The aim is to identify the determinants of subcontracting in Turkish textile and engineering industries and to derive policy implications from our empirical analysis. Subcontract offering and subcontract receiving models are estimated for both industries by using panel data on all establishments employing ten or more workers between 1993 and 2000. The findings show that a short‐term/unequal relationship exists between clients and subcontractors in the textile industry, whereas subcontracting relationships in the engineering industry are established between ‘similar’, relatively advanced firms with complementary assets and technologies. Moreover, subcontracting flourishes in regions densely populated by firms.Subcontracting, Networks, Industrial development, Regional development, Sous‐traitance, Réseaux, Développement industriel, Aménagement du territoire, Vertragliche Weitergabe, Netzwerke, industrielle Entwicklung, Regionalentwicklung, Subcontratación, Redes, Desarrollo industrial, Desarrollo regional, JEL classifications: L6, L24, R11, R12,

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SUMMARY Classical Web crawlers make use of only hyperlink information in the crawling process. However, focused crawlers are intended to download only Web pages that are relevant to a given topic by utilizing word information before downloading the Web page. But, Web pages contain additional information that can be useful for the crawling process. We have developed a crawler, iCrawler (intelligent crawler), the backbone of which is a Web content extractor that automatically pulls content out of seven different blocks: menus, links, main texts, headlines, summaries, additional necessaries, and unnecessary texts from Web pages. The extraction process consists of two steps, which invoke each other to obtain information from the blocks. The first step learns which HTML tags refer to which blocks using the decision tree learning algorithm. Being guided by numerous sources of information, the crawler becomes considerably effective. It achieved a relatively high accuracy of 96.37% in our experiments of block extraction. In the second step, the crawler extracts content from the blocks using string matching functions. These functions along with the mapping between tags and blocks learned in the first step provide iCrawler with considerable time and storage efficiency. More specifically, iCrawler performs 14 times faster in the second step than in the first step. Furthermore, iCrawler significantly decreases storage costs by 57.10% when compared with the texts obtained through classical HTML stripping. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Three sentential positions have been ascribed a special status in the focusbackground articulation of Turkish sentences. It has been argued that the sentence-initial, postverbal and immediately preverbal slots are three syntactic positions that are, respectively, allocated for topic, background and focus marking in Turkish. The analysis o¤ered in this paper starts with a close examination of each of these positions in terms of the informational functions they are supposed to perform. It is shown that such a positionfunction mapping gives a noncomplete and noncorrect description of information structure in Turkish. The major claim made by this study is that Turkish does not employ any syntactic strategy to mark the informational status of a sentence element; but some sentence elements may undergo a syntactic operation of detachment to ''clause-external'' positions to satisfy a certain informational requirement of the sentence itself.