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Introduction Penile fracture is the rupture of the tunica of one or both corpora cavernosa due to direct blunt trauma to the erected penis. Partial or complete rupture of the urethra or injury to the deep dorsal vein may accompany penile fracture. Aim To compare conservative and surgical treatment modalities in terms of duration of hospitalization, early and late complications such as penile nodule and curvature, erectile dysfunction, and painful erection. Main Outcome Measures Treatment results and complications in two groups were evaluated with history and physical examination, and International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire was used for erectile function assessement. Methods The charts of 42 men diagnosed with penile fracture were retrospectively reviewed, and two treatment modalities were compared: conservative (Group I) and surgical (Group II). Results Between 1991 and 2008, a total of 42 patients with penile fracture were followed in our clinic for a mean of 18 months (range: 6–30 months). Five men who refused surgical treatment were treated conservatively, and the other 37 patients underwent surgical treatment. In Group II, the most common complication was painful erection (in 4 of 37 patients, 10.8 %), whereas in Group I, 80 % (4/5 patients) suffered complications such as wound infection, painful erection, penile nodule and curvature, and erectile dysfunction. Conclusion Diagnosis of penile fracture can be based on history and physical examination; diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are generally not required. Fractures must be repaired either immediately or delayed. Because management with emergency surgical repair is the most effective approach, with the lowest complication rate, surgical treatment should be preferred compared to a conservative approach.

Use of DWI with a high b value yields information that complements conventional MRI findings, improving identification and location of nonpalpable undescended testes. We recommend the use of conventional MRI in addition to DWI to increase the preoperative sensitivity and accuracy of identifying and locating nonpalpable testes.

Our objectives were to assess the value of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating pediatric urolithiasis, and to determine the factors that may affect treatment success. Between January 1993 and August 2002, 129 children with upper urinary tract calculi (134 renoureteral units) were treated using a Dornier MPL-9000 lithotriptor. The series consisted of 77 boys and 52 girls with an age range from 20 months to 14 years (average age: 8.7 years). All ESWL procedures took place under general anaesthesia or sedation with ketamin or fentanyl. Under ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance, children were treated with a maximum 2,550 shocks at an average of 19.5 kV. Success was defined as the lack of any visible stone fragments on post-treatment radiological evaluation. The patients were assessed 3 months after ESWL treatment and the results were compared using chi(2)-tests to detect factors that might be associated with treatment success. There were 105 renal, 20 ureteral, four bilateral renal and one unilateral renal plus contralateral ureteral calculi. The mean sizes were 15.7 mm for pelvic, 17.8 mm for renal and 10.2 mm for ureteral stones. One or two lithotripsy sessions were sufficient in most cases (71.6%). In 15 (11.6%) patients, double J stents introduced before lithotripsy were left indwelling until all stone fragments were voided. Overall success rates were 89.5% for pelvic, 85.5% for renal and 75% for ureteral stones. Complications such as urinary tract infection, Steinstrasse and small subcapsular hematoma occurred in 19 (14.7%) patients. The only significant factor associated with the stone-free rate was the diameter of the stone ( P=0.022). This study confirmed that the stone-free rate is significantly influenced by stone size. Because children with stone disease are at risk for a longer period than adults, their cumulative likelihood of stone recurrences may be higher. Thus, we agree with other authorities that minimally invasive treatment, such as ESWL, is mandatory in children with urolithiasis.

Background/Aims: To evaluate the effects of sildenafil on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes in ovarian tissue after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model. Methods: A total of 18 adult female Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were studied as follows: (1) control group: sham operation, (2) I/R group: 3 h of reperfusion after 3 h of ischemia and (3) I/R + sildenafil group: 3 h of reperfusion after 3 h of ischemia; half an hour before reperfusion, sildenafil (1.4 mg·kg^-1) was given by oral gavage. At the end of the reperfusion periods, the ovarian tissues were removed for histopathological examination and to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Results: The I/R group had higher ovarian tissue MDA levels than the control group and the IR + sildenafil group (p = 0.016 and p = 0.044, respectively). MPO activity was lower in the IR + sildenafil group compared with the I/R group (p = 0.022). SOD activity was lower in the I/R group compared with the control group and the I/R + sildenafil group (p = 0.030 and p = 0.015, respectively). The I/R + sildenafil group had improved histological appearance which was not different to the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The biochemical and histopathological results of this experimental study demonstrated that I/R injury in the ovary is ameliorated by sildenafil treatment.