Background
corticosteroid injection (CSI) has been used to treat greater trochanter pain syndrome (GTPS) for many years. However, so far, the efficacy of CSI in the treatment of GTPS is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of CSI in comparison with sham intervention, nature history, usual care, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), physiotherapy/exercise therapy, dry needling, or other nonsurgical treatment for improvements in pain and function in GTPS.
Methods
PubMed (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Library were searched from their inception until April 2021. Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) comparing CSI to nonsurgical treatment were included. Data on the effect of CSI on pain and function were extracted and checked by two review authors independently. The treatment effect was analyzed in the short term, medium term, and long term.
Results
Eight RCTs (764 patients) were included. This review suggests CSI may be superior to usual care and ‘wait and see,’ ESWT, but may not be superior to exercise, PRP, dry needling, and sham intervention in short-term pain or function improvement. In terms of medium-term pain or function improvement, CSI may be superior to usual care and ‘wait and see,’ but may not be superior to PRP. In terms of long-term pain or function improvement, CSI may be inferior to PRP and ESWT, but it may be superior to usual care and ‘wait and see’ at 12 months.
Conclusions
Due to the small sample size and lack of sufficient clinical studies, current evidence is equivocal regarding the efficacy of CSI in the treatment of GTPS. Considering the limitations, more large-sample and high-quality RCTs are needed to prove the therapeutic effect of CSI on GTPS.
Trial registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021247991. Registered 09 May 2021.
It is believed that polar regions are influenced by global warming more significantly, and because polar regions are less affected by human activities, they have certain reference values for future predictions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of climate warming on soil microbial communities in lake areas, taking Kitezh Lake, Antarctica as the research area. Below-peak soil, intertidal soil, and sediment were taken at the sampling sites, and we hypothesized that the diversity and composition of the bacterial and archaeal communities were different among the three sampling sites. Through 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis, bacteria and archaea with high abundance were obtained. Based on canonical correspondence analysis and redundancy analysis, pH and phosphate had a great influence on the bacterial community whereas pH and nitrite had a great influence on the archaeal community. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to find the hub bacteria and archaea related to geochemical factors. The results showed that in addition to pH, phosphate, and nitrite, moisture content, ammonium, nitrate, and total carbon content also play important roles in microbial diversity and structure at different sites by changing the abundance of some key microbiota.
Gangue particles (GP) are an important part of solid filling materials in coal mines. The compression characteristics (CC) of gangue determine whether it can effectively control roof subsidence. The particle size distribution (PSD) of GP is the main factor affecting the CC; therefore, it is important to find the optimal size distribution of GP and to investigate the macrodeformation and micromotion characteristics of gangue compression. Here, Talbol theory was used to study the compression resistance of gangue granules. It is concluded that the compression modulus of continuously graded gangue is the largest when the Talbol coefficient n is 0.4. The engineering discrete element method was used to simulate and analyze the optimum PSD (n = 0.4) and to study the stress transfer of GP during compression. The results show that with the increase of stress, the microstructure of gangue particles changes in the support skeleton, the skeleton is destroyed and particles flow, thus forming a more stable support skeleton. The resultant force direction of particles changes from the initial vertical downward to the scattered distribution of the central axis and finally to a generally scattered distribution. The number of strong chains and weak chains increases, and the main conductive stress on strong chains becomes a uniform conductive stress on the weak chains. Most of the particles in the upper and middle parts of the model exhibit linear motion. The trajectories of the middle and lower particles in the model are clustered, undergoing only small displacement.
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