A one-dimensional fluid model is used to investigate the characteristics of secondary electron emitted by the interaction between electrons and the wall in plasma sheath with nonextensive electrons. The study focuses on the effects of electron nonextensive parameter on Bohm criterion, the wall potential, the critical emission coefficient of secondary electrons and the density of seconday electrons in plasma sheath through numerical simulation. Some conclusions are obtained. It is shown that secondary electron is significantly affected by electron nonextensive parameter. Whether the electron distribution is superextensive or subextensive, the critical Mach number at the sheath edge increases with the secondary electron emission coefficient increasing, but decreases with <i>q</i>-parameter increasing. The increase of <i>q</i>-parameter can cause the wall potential to increase and the critical emission coefficient of secondary electron at the wall to decrease. And for different types of plasmas, the effects of nonextensive parameter on the critical emission coefficient of secondary electron are different. The larger the mass number of ion in plasma, the smaller the influence of nonextensive parameter on the critical secondary electron emission coefficient will be. In addition, the increase of nonextensive parameter can result in the decrease of the sheath thickness and the increase of the number density of secondary electrons. It is found that the superextensive electron distribution has greater influence on the characteristics of secondary electron emission in plasma sheath than the subextensive electron distribution.
Since the cultural turn in translation studies was proposed, researchers have focused on the cultural elements in the translation. How to construct cultural identity needs to be taken into consideration. Meanwhile, culture-specific items (hereafter, CSIs) are one of the most difficult issues for translators, especially in literary translation. Researchers have put forward different translation strategies to solve the problems of CSIs and explored the use of those strategies in specific textual materials. This work probed the strategies employed in the translation of CSIs in William A. Lyell’s English version of “Diary of a Madman” based on Aixelá’s model and their effect on the construction of Chinese cultural identity. The results demonstrated that the most frequent strategy was linguistic (non-cultural) translation, followed by absolute universalization. In addition, conservation methods were more helpful in constructing cultural identity than substitution approaches.
Annular pressure buildup (APB) is induced by high‐temperature tubing fluid heating the trapped annular fluid, which leads to liquid thermal expansion at the production stage in deepwater wells. Casing would be burst or collapsed without APB mitigation. A novel recovery relief method was adopted to mitigate APB through the principle of differential pressure. To assess the application effect of the method, APB prediction model and pressure relief threshold determination method were proposed, where the transient heat transfer and volume and pressure coupling were involved. The laboratory test of the principle prototype was conducted so that the feasibility of the recovery relief method was validated. The numerical APB mitigation effect was simulated by the field example. The production simulation results indicated that the high‐temperature‐induced APB caused casing failure. The simulation of APB mitigation with both inward and outward directions demonstrated that the casings using outward mitigation method were safer with lower safe factor. Besides, comparing the mitigating effect to the rupture disk, the recovery relief method had more maximum allowable APB of annulus A. Additionally, compared to other 11 ordinary mitigation methods with the qualities of engineering reliability, technology feasibility, and economy, the recovery relief method had best mitigation performance. Therefore, the recovery relief method was recommended for APB mitigating practice.
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