Three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry has become an emerging field with the advancement of 3D body scanning technology over the recent years. Conventional method of anthropometry data measurement is time consuming and error-prone. The 3D whole-body surface scanner, which was initially developed for the clothing industry, contributes to healthcare application by providing accurate anthropometric measurements and data visualization in body size, shape and skin surface area. The body scanner utilized 3D photogrammetry technology to generate high quality digital anthropometric information about shapes and sizes of an individual. The aim of the study is to investigate body size and shape of Malaysian females. A cross-sectional study was conducted using random sampling technique. Recruitment of subjects were randomized and based on age and ethnicity. A preliminary study of 160 female subjects was carried out. In addition to the scanning procedures using the body scanner, selected manual anthropometric measurements for height, weight and skinfold thickness were obtained using manual methods and demographic data such as age and ethnic groups were recorded. All manual measurement followed the requirements and procedures stated in the respective ISO documents, involving body posture, landmark and the instrument used. Descriptive statistical analysis for body dimensions and calculations were carried out. The 3D scanners undoubtedly produced highly accurate, consistent and repeatable measurements. However, the scan data can be slightly different from traditional anthropometric data especially for circumference measurements such as chest, waist and hip. Therefore, scanned anthropometric data and manual measurement data are more useful together. We envisage that this study would be beneficial for healthcare providers for growth monitoring and early diagnosis of health problems related to obesity especially for the Malaysian population. Although the study focuses on the healthcare sector, datasets can also be utilized by the industry in the design and production of consumer products related on the human body.
In this study we used the INFOOT USB 3D scanning system (I-Ware Laboratory Co., Ltd, Japan) to collect foot size data measurement. Based on this study, we used five measurement definitions based on their anatomical landmarks: foot length, ball girth, instep length, foot breadth, and fibulare instep length. The reliability and accuracy of the observers were evaluated using intra-and inter-observer errors measurement. Accuracy of the measurement is based on Technical Error Measurement (TEM). A TEM value of less than 2 mm for the determined landmarks is considered accurate and consistent. Result from the experiment showed that the reliability is between 93.3% and 98.3%, respectively thus, foot-landmarking was consistent and reliable. We hope to develop a new shoe sizing system based on the Malaysian women's foot sizes and shapes, and to replace the current sizing system used in the country. This research will eventually advocate the interest and needs of shoe manufacturers to produce women footwear based on the new sizing system and ensure customer satisfaction for shoe size and shoe fitting.
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