We investigate the effect of risk management (reinsurance) on the corporate cost of equity using panel data drawn from the United Kingdom's (UK) non-life insurance industry. Our results show that use of reinsurance lowers the cost of equity but that the relation is non-linear. We find that the rate of reduction declines as the level of premiums ceded relative to total gross premiums written increases. We also find that the reinsurance-cost of equity relation is moderated by the risk of financial distress/bankruptcy. This moderating relation is robust to the use of three alternative measures of financial distress and bankruptcy risk.
Transcription factors play multifaceted roles in embryonic development and diseases. PAX1, a paired-box transcription factor, has been elucidated to play key roles in multiple tissues during embryonic development by extensive studies. Recently, an emerging role of PAX1 in cancers was clarified. Herein, we summarize the expression and functions of PAX1 in skeletal system and thymus development, as well as cancer biology and outline its cellular and molecular modes of action and the association of PAX1 mutation or dysregulation with human diseases, thus providing insights for the molecular basis of congenital diseases and cancers.
Here, we demonstrate a readily prepared anthrazoline photocatalyst, which can effectively promote C-O bond formation reactions with the aid of Ni(II) complex. This methodology enables the esterification (36 examples) and etherification (8 examples) with a broad range of scope, allowing aryl and alkyl halides coupled with diverse carboxylic acids/alcohols. Our metal-free photocatalysts have a potential broad application, may serve as an alternative to some iridium and ruthenium based photocatalysts, and are of potential importance to the pharmaceutical industry.
Herein, we report four pairs of enantiomeric platinum(II) complexes D/L-Pt-1~Pt-4 with minor structural variations which have been found to lead to distinct self-assembly behaviors and form various well-defined nanostructures. Notably,...
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