Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Method Seven electronic databases were searched to identify trials comparing BFRT and conventional resistance training in a population with knee OA. Studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to compare outcome measures of the groups. The methodologic quality of selected studies and the quality of evidence were evaluated for included studies. Results A total of 5 studies were included in this meta‐analysis, with very low to moderate risk of bias. The pooled results showed no significant difference between BFRT and conventional resistance training for knee OA, including pain (SMD –0.04 [95% CI –0.31, 0.24], P = 0.79), physical function performance (SMD 0.12 [95% CI –0.55, 0.78], P = 0.73), self‐reported function (SMD 0.14 [95% CI –0.24, 0.52], P = 0.48), and adverse events (RR 0.45 [95% CI 0.20, 1.01], P = 0.05). In subgroup analysis, BFRT had a lower incidence of adverse events when compared with high‐load resistance training (HLRT). Conclusion Data from pooled studies showed that BFRT may not have greater efficacy for treating patients with knee OA, and it is less likely to have a higher risk of adverse events. However, limited evidence supports the idea that BFRT is likely safer than HLRT. More evidence with high quality is needed in further research on efficacy and safety.

BackgroundAging and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are important risk factors for the development of cognitive deterioration and dementia. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of an exercise intervention on cognitive function in older T2DM patients.MethodsEight literature databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Ovid, and ProQuest) were searched from inception to 20 January 2022. The researchers examined randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the impact of exercise on the cognitive performance of older T2DM patients. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (ROB 2) for RCTs was used to assess each study. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations) approach. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Modified MMSE (3MSE), and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) were used to evaluate the cognitive outcomes. We performed a subgroup analysis with stratification according to exercise intervention modality, duration, and cognitive impairment.ResultsFive trials were eligible, with a total of 738 T2DM patients. The combined findings revealed that exercise improved global cognitive function significantly (standardized mean difference: 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.23–2.44, p < 0.01). The effect of exercise on global cognitive performance was not significantly influenced by intervention modality, intervention duration, or cognitive impairment in the sub-group analysis (p > 0.05). In the studies that were included, no relevant adverse events were reported.ConclusionExercise is beneficial in improving global cognitive function in older adults with T2DM. Studies with bigger sample sizes and higher quality are additionally expected to draw more definite conclusions.Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42022296049].

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Background: Although the importance of physical fitness for injury prevention is recognized in sports medicine and rehabilitation, few studies have investigated this factor among recreational alpine skiers. Objective: To determine the effect of lower extremity fitness on the risk and severity of injury among recreational alpine skiers. Method: This prospective cohort study involved 117 recreational skiers at two alpine resorts during the 2021–2022 winter season. Anthropometric characteristics, skiing skills, and lower extremity agility (hexagon test), balance (Y-Balance Test), and endurance (60-s squat test) were assessed before the winter season. All of the participants were divided into an injured group and an uninjured group, based on whether an injury was recorded throughout the season. Results: In binary logistic regression, the hexagon test duration and composite Y-Balance Test score were significant injury risk factors (p < 0.05). Ordinal polytomous logistic regression revealed no significant factors for injury severity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Recreational alpine skiers with inferior lower extremity agility or balance may have a higher injury risk and this must be considered when assessing individual risk. In the context of injury prevention, regular neuromuscular training and testing, including agility and balance aspects should be recommended to skiers.

BACKGROUND Wrist-worn wearables have become an increasingly popular way to assess exercise intensity and energy expenditure (EE) in health care and various other settings. However, there is still few research on the validity and reliability of wrist-worn wearables in monitoring exercise parameters at different intensities by people with different levels of physical activity. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Mio Smart Bracelet (Lexin Mio Band 1) in measuring the heart rate (HR) and EE with different physical activity levels during exercise at different intensities. The second objective was to determine if wear position (i.e. dominate or nondominate hand) would cause differences in assessments. METHODS A total of 65 participants (N = 65; 63% female, n = 41; 37% male, n = 24) wore the Lexin smart bracelet (Mio Band 1) and its validity and reliability were assessed against two “gold standard” devices: the Polar H10 heart rate band (for HR) and the gas-analysis system (GAS, Metalyzer 3B) for EE. The participants completed one maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and a running exercise test twice (10-min resting period; 6-min treadmill exercise under three intensities; 10-min recovery period). To measure test-retest reliability, intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) were determined between the first and second treadmill test. Validity was determined by comparing the Mio with the gold standard (Polar and GAS), using mean differences, mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), ICC and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS For the reliability, the HR consistency between the tests was significant (p < 0.05) in all the states except the Mio in HPAL (P < 0.05), while the EE consistency between the tests, only the right-wrist Mio showed significance in the low-physical-activity level (LPAL) population, and for the moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and the high-intensity exercise (HIE) in the moderate-physical-activity level (MPAL) population. With regard to the validity, the MAPE between the Polar and the left- and right-wrist Mio bracelets (henceforth “left and right Mios”) ranged from 1% to 7.55%, while the MAPE between the left and right Mios ranged from 10.37% to 32.42%. The HR consistency in the LPAL, MPAL, and high-physical-activity level (HPAL) populations was significant between polar and the left and right Mios at different exercise intensities (P < 0.01), and insignificant only in HPAL group under HIE (P>0.05). As for the EE consistency, it was significant in the left and right Mios under MIE and in the right Mio under HIE in the LPAL group; in the left and right Mios under MIE or HIE, and in the right Mio during recovery in MPAL group; and in the left and right Mios under MIE in the HPAL group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS For HR measurement, the Lexin Mio bracelet showed good reliability and validity among people with different physical activity levels who were exercising under various intensities in a laboratory setting. However, for the estimation of the EE, the Lexin Mio bracelet showed low reliability and validity. CLINICALTRIAL This study was approved by the Experimental Ethics Committee for Sports Science of Beijing Sport University (registration number 2020133H). The participants were informed of the study purpose and procedures and then signed a written informed consent form before enrollment in this study.

Background. With wrist-worn wearables becoming increasingly available, it is important to understand their reliability and validity in different conditions. The primary objective of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Lexin Mio smart bracelet in measuring heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) in people with different physical activity levels exercising at different intensities. Methods. A total of 65 participants completed one maximal oxygen uptake test and two running exercise tests wearing the Mio smart bracelet, the Polar H10 HR band, and a gas-analysis system. Results. In terms of HR measurement reliability, the Mio smart bracelet showed good reliability in a left versus right test and good test–retest reliability (p > 0.05; mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) < 10%; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.4). For EE measurement, the Mio smart bracelet showed good reliability in a left versus right test, good test–retest reliability on the right (p > 0.05; MAPE > 10%; ICC > 0.4), and low test–retest reliability on the left (p > 0.05; MAPE > 10%; ICC < 0.4). Regarding validity, the Mio smart bracelet showed good validity for HR measurement (p > 0.05; MAPE < 10%; ICC > 0.4) and low validity for EE measurement (p < 0.05; MAPE > 10%; ICC < 0.4). Conclusion. The Lexin Mio smart bracelet showed good reliability and validity for HR measurement among people with different physical activity levels exercising at various exercise intensities in a laboratory setting. However, the smart bracelet showed good reliability and low validity for the estimation of EE.