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Basal diet containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g kg−1 mixture of inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), uridine monophosphate (UMP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1) (mixed‐NT; Experiment 1) and 1.5 g kg−1 from each nucleotides and mixed‐nucleotides (NT; Experiment 2) were fed to triplicate groups of grouper for 8 weeks. Basal diet without NT was used as control in both Experiments. In Experiment 1, fish fed the diet with 1.5 g mixed‐NT kg−1 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain (WG) than the control group. The superoxide anion (O2−) production ratio was higher in fish fed diets with 1.0–1.5 g mixed‐NT kg−1 than the fish fed diets with ≤0.5 g mixed‐NT kg−1. In Experiment 2, fish fed diets with nucleotides had higher WG than the control group. The O2− production ratio was higher in fish fed the diet with 1.5 g AMP kg−1, followed by fish fed diets with 1.5 g UMP and mixed‐NT kg−1, and lowest in the control group. These results suggest that growth and immune responses were enhanced in grouper fed diet with 1.5 g mixed‐NT kg−1 diet. Diet with 1.5 g kg−1 of AMP seems to be more beneficial on the immune responses in fish than other nucleotides.

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Communication between cancer cells and their microenvironment plays an important role in cancer development, but the precise mechanisms by which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) impact anti-cancer immunity and cancer progression in lung cancer are poorly understood. Here, we report that lung fibroblasts when activated by lung cancer cells produce tryptophan metabolite kynurenine (Kyn) that inhibits dendritic cells' differentiation and induces cancer growth as well as migration. We identified TDO2 (tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase) as the main enzyme expressed in fibroblasts capable of tryptophan metabolism. Mechanistically, condition medium of CAF or exogenous kynurenine stimulated AKT, with no lysine 1 (WNK1) and cAMP response element-bindingprotein (CREB) phosphorylation in lung cancer cells. Inhibition of the AKT/CREB pathway prevents cancer proliferation, while inhibition of the AKT/ WNK1 reverted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer migration induced by kynurenine. Moreover, we also demonstrate that lung cancer-derived galectin-1 contributes to the upregulation of TDO2 in CAF through an AKT-dependent pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung cancer surgical specimens revealed increased TDO2 expression in the fibroblasts adjacent to the cancer. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that administration of TDO2 inhibitor significantly improves DCs function and T cell response, and decreases tumor metastasis in mice. Taken together, our data identify the feedback loop, consisting of cancer-derived galectin-1 and CAF-producing kynurenine, that sustains lung cancer progression. These findings suggest that targeting this pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy.