Gene expression of gingival adhesion molecules in periodontitis is regulated by leukocyte transmigration, whereas the neutrophilic antimicrobial peptide HNP-1 is noted as a putative regulator of epithelial adhesion molecules. These observations contribute to the key mechanisms by which future biomarkers might be developed for periodontitis.

Background:The aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria-and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced protein and mRNA expression profiles of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein (MCPIP)-1 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)-1 in human gingival keratinocyte monolayers and organotypic oral mucosal models. Methods: Human gingival keratinocyte (HMK) monolayers were incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β. The protein levels of MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 were examined by immunoblots and mRNA levels by qPCR. MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 protein expression levels were also analyzed immunohistochemically using an organotypic oral mucosal model. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey correction was used in statistical analyses. Results: In keratinocyte monolayers, MCPIP-1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum and MALT-1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis LPS and IL-1β. P. gingivalis seemed to degrade MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 at all tested time points and degradation was inhibited when P. gingivalis was heat-killed. MCPIP-1 mRNA levels were increased by P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and IL-1β, however, no changes were observed in MALT-1 mRNA levels. Conclusion: Gingival keratinocyte MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 mRNA and protein expression responses are regulated by infection and inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that periodontitis-associated bacteria-inducedThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Background Complications after free gingival graft (FGG) operations are generally related to the donor site. The titanium‐prepared, platelet‐rich fibrin (T‐PRF) placement in the donor site accelerate the wound healing and prevent postoperative complications such as pain and hemorrhage. We aim to evaluate the effect of T‐PRF regarding vascularization and tissue thickness and to report the advantages of the ultrasonography (US) in FGG. Methods Ten individuals were divided into two groups as T‐PRF and control. While the T‐PRF membrane was placed at the donor site in the T‐PRF group, a gelatin sponge was placed in the control group. All patients underwent US examination in terms of vascularization and tissue thickness of left and right donor sites. The correlation between the right and left donor sites was analyzed with the Pearson correlation test. Tissue thicknesses and pulsatility index (PI) were analyzed with independent samples t‐test. The results were evaluated statistically at the P <0.05 significance level. Results The T‐PRF group showed increased vascularity which can be interpreted to improve healing in soft tissue. However, not a difference, but a positively very high correlation was observed between the right and left tissue thicknesses (P = 0,00; r = +0902). Conclusions Evaluation of tissue thickness and vascularization density of donor sites with US not only increases clinical success rate but also reduces the risk of complications during surgery and postoperative pain in FGG. Studies evaluating T‐PRF membrane as palatal dressing after FGG are only clinical, however, the efficiency of T‐PRF was evaluated radiologically in this study for the first time.

This study aimed to compare tissue levels of CD80 (pro-inflammatory macrophage-related surface marker), CD163, and CD206 (anti-inflammatory macrophage-related surface markers), and their ratios in periodontal and peri-implant health and disease. Altogether, 36 tissue samples were obtained from 36 participants with clinically healthy gingiva (n = 10), healthy peri-implant mucosa (n = 8), periodontitis lesions (n = 9), and peri-implantitis lesions (n = 9). CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels were assessed with immunoblotting. CD163 levels were found to be decreased (p = 0.004), and the CD80/CD163 ratio was found to be elevated (p = 0.002) in periodontitis lesions compared to healthy gingiva. Peri-implantitis lesions showed a tendency towards a higher CD80/CD163 ratio than in healthy peri-implant mucosa with a borderline difference (p = 0.054). No statistically significant difference was detected in CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels of periodontitis lesions when compared to peri-implantitis, and in healthy gingiva when compared to healthy peri-implant mucosa. A disruption in CD80/CD163 balance seems to be related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, being less prominent in the latter. The reason behind this phenomenon may be either suppressed CD163 expression or reduced CD163+ anti-inflammatory macrophage abundance.

Objectives The purposes of this study were to localize monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP-1) and its suppressor mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT-1) in gingival tissues and to profile their protein expression levels in relation to the clinical inflammation, Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization, and interleukin (IL)-8 levels. Materials and methods Study samples were collected from two independent study populations: (1) Gingival tissues were collected from eight periodontally healthy individuals and eight periodontitis patients to localize MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 immunohistochemically, and (2) forty-one gingival tissue samples with marginal, mild, or moderate to severe inflammation were collected from 20 periodontitis patients to determine MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 levels using immunoblots, P. gingivalis levels with qPCR, P. gingivalis gingipain activities with fluorogenic substrates, and IL-8 levels with multiplex technique. Results MCPIP-1 was detectable in the epithelium and in connective tissue, being especially prominent around the blood vessel walls in healthy periodontal tissues. MALT-1 was observed at all layers of gingival epithelium and especially around the accumulated inflammatory cells in connective tissue. No difference in gingival tissue MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 levels was observed in relation to the severity of gingival inflammation. MALT-1 levels were elevated (p = 0.023) with the increase in tissue P. gingivalis levels, and there was an association between MALT-1 and IL-8 levels (β = 0.054, p = 0.001). Conclusions Interactions of MALT-1 levels with gingival tissue P. gingivalis counts and IL-8 levels suggest that activation of MALT-1 can take part in P. gingivalis-regulated host immune responses. Clinical relevance Pharmacological targeting the crosstalk between immune response and MCPIP-1/MALT-1 may have benefits in periodontal treatment.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on gingival thickness (GT) and gingival recession (GR) in individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes using a semisurgical approach.Materials and methods In this prospective study, i-PRF was applied via a semisurgical method to augment 53 tooth regions with thin periodontal phenotypes. i-PRF injection was applied to the relevant areas in 4 sessions at an interval of 10 days. GT, GR, keratinized tissue width and periodontal parameters were also recorded before treatment and at 6 months after the last injection.Results A statistically significant difference was observed in GT and GR values at the end of the study compared to baseline. Accordingly, an increase in GT was achieved in 92.5% of the areas treated with i-PRF, and the desired GT (0.8 mm) was achieved in 44.9% of these areas. In addition, significant reductions in the amount of recession were observed in 83.3% of the 12 GR areas (p = 0.005). Moreover, complete coverage was achieved in 60% of these regions.Conclusion With the new i-PRF semisurgical method, which we introduced in this first preliminary study, we showed that GT can be increased in tooth regions with thin gingiva and that areas of GR can be covered. Further comprehensive studies are needed to fully understand the role of i-PRF in enhancing angiogenesis and the histoconductive properties of this fully autogenous blood concentrate.Clinical relevance Classical periodontal plastic surgery applications cannot give predictable results in areas with thin periodontal phenotypes, especially in the case of bone dehiscence and fenestration. In some cases, undesirable progressive GR in these tooth regions also draws attention. With this new i-PRF semisurgical method, successful and predictable treatments can be applied in tooth areas with thin gingiva by increasing angiogenesis and taking advantage of the histoconductive properties of i-PRF.