[1] This paper presents a focused review of the role of entropy in plasma sheet transport and also describes new calculations of the implications of plasma sheet entropy conservation for the case where the plasma pressure is not isotropic. For the isotropic case, the entropy varies in proportion to log [PV 5/3 ], where P is plasma pressure and V is the volume of a tube containing one unit of magnetic flux. Theory indicates that entropy should be conserved in the ideal MHD approximation, and a generalized form of entropy conservation also holds when transport by gradient/curvature drift is included. These considerations lead to the conclusion that under the assumption of strong, elastic pitch angle scattering, PV 5/3 should be approximately conserved over large regions of the plasma sheet, though gradient/curvature drift causes major violations in the innermost region. Statistical magnetic field and plasma models lead to the conclusion that PV 5/3 increases significantly with distance downtail (pressure balance inconsistency). We investigate the possibility that the inconsistency could be removed or reduced by eliminating the assumption of strong, elastic pitch angle scattering but find that the inconsistency becomes worse if the first two adiabatic invariants are conserved as the particles drift. We consider two previously suggested mechanisms, bubbles and gradient/curvature drift, and conclude that the combination of the two is likely adequate for resolving the pressure balance inconsistency. Quantitatively accurate estimation of the efficiency of these mechanisms depends on finding a method of estimating PV 5/3 (or equivalent) from spacecraft measurements. Two present approaches to that problem are discussed.

Abstract-A critical step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint images. However, the performance of a minutiae extraction algorithm relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images. In order to ensure that the performance of an automatic fingerprint identification/verification system will be robust with respect to the quality of input fingerprint images, it is essential to incorporate a fingerprint enhancement algorithm in the minutiae extraction module. We present a fast fingerprint enhancement algorithm, which can adaptively improve the clarity of ridge and valley structures of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation and frequency. We have evaluated the performance of the image enhancement algorithm using the goodness index of the extracted minutiae and the accuracy of an online fingerprint verification system. Experimental results show that incorporating the enhancement algorithm improves both the goodness index and the verification accuracy.

[1] We study trapped energetic particles in the terrestrial magnetosphere undergoing drift shell bifurcation in the magnetic field lacking north-south and east-west symmetry. Drift shell bifurcation occurs near the dayside magnetopause, where, due to the solar wind compression, the field strength has a local maximum near the equatorial plane. As a result, a charged particle may become temporarily trapped in one of the hemispheres while traversing the region. Although this phenomenon has been known for a long time, only recently were the associated second invariant changes quantified for the magnetic field with north-south and east-west symmetry. Here we show that if the magnetic field lacks such symmetry, the effect is more significant. We calculate changes to the second invariant of keV to MeV electrons in Tsyganenko magnetic fields with nonzero interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B Y component. The changes are on the order of the invariant itself, and thus, this effect is much larger than for the case of symmetric magnetic field (when the particle gyroradius is much less than the magnetospheric scale length). We also quantify the effect for different values of the solar wind dynamic pressure, IMF B Z component, and the Dst index with the Tsyganenko magnetic field T02. We find that Dst has no noticeable role, while larger solar wind ram pressure increases the second invariant changes. We verify our calculations by numerical integration of the guiding center drift equations and discuss properties of different versions of these equations.Citation: Wan, Y., S. Sazykin, R. A. Wolf, and M. K. Öztürk (2010), Drift shell bifurcation near the dayside magnetopause in realistic magnetospheric magnetic fields,

Background. A total hip reconstruction is related to the stress distribution throughout the prosthesis, cement, and femur. Researches on reducing the stress in all components to minimize the risk of failure are of great significance. The objective of our study was to determine the biomechanical variation in overall femoral stress and periprosthetic femoral stress distribution after implantation with the Ribbed anatomic prosthesis. Methods. Three-dimensional finite element models of intact femur and Ribbed prosthesis were developed according to the morphology, while the hip joint loading and the strength of related muscles were applied in the models. The overall stress changes of the intact femur before and after the implantation were analyzed, and the periprosthetic stress distribution especially in the proximal region of the femur was quantified. Results. As a result, the overall stress pattern of the femur did not change after the implantation compared with the intact femur. The region of peak stress value was located in the middle and lower segments of the full length femur, but the stress value level decreased. The final prosthesis resulted in a significant decrease in the equivalent stress level of the periprosthetic bone tissue, and the most severe area appeared at the endmost posterior quadrant. The stress shielding ratio of the Ribbed prosthesis was 71.6%. The stress value level gradually increased towards the distal part of the prosthesis and recovered to physiological level at the end of the prosthesis. Conclusions. The Ribbed prosthesis can cause significant stress shielding effect in the proximal femur. These results may help optimize prosthetic design to reduce stress shielding effect and improve clinical outcomes.

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Liquid biopsy detection using ctDNA has great potential in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and predicting survival. However, detection sensitivity and specificity remain major challenge at the current stage. Here we utilized a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach to develop a noninvasive test to identify single nucleotide variations (SNVs), indels, fusions, copy number variations (CNVs) and microsatellite instability (MSI) present at low frequencies in different solid cancer patients. Target regions of interest were sequenced using tagging of individual molecules, followed by amplicon library generation and massive parallel sequencing using an Illumina platform. The variants were called and annotated using our in-house Actionable Genomic Interpretation System (AGIS) bioinformatics pipeline. This CLIA-approved NGS panel (LiquidGx™) detects more than 170 variants in 17 genes which were chosen mostly based on NCCN clinical actionable guidelines (AKT1, ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, HRAS, KIT, KRAS, MAP2K1, MET, NRAS, PDGFRA, PIK3CA, PTEN, RET, ROS1 and TP53) with detection limit of 0.1%. Mutations are detected with 94% sensitivity and 99.8% specificity in a short turnaround time of 3-5 business days. To assess the performance in a clinical setting, accurate sequencing was performed on 210 lung cancer patients; the frequency of mutations identified of each gene closely mirrored the published lung cancer tissue biopsy data. Fusions are detected from exosomal RNA, which could increase the sensitivity and/or concordance to tumor. For spike-in data validation, the limit of detection (LOD) of CNV can reach 2.2 -2.5 total gene copies. In addition to actionable mutations for targeted therapy, LiquidGx™ provides MSI status, which can predict a predisposition to mutations as a result from impaired DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and help predict if a tumor will respond to anti-PD-1 therapy. The LOD of our MSI detection is 2-4%. In summary, we have developed a potent liquid biopsy platform for highly sensitive genomic biomarker test. Our technology is also available as an assay development service and can be easily adaptable to the diagnosis and monitoring of different cancer types. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Cai Chen, Christopher Kasbek, Yang Song, Si Chen, Nouran Almalki, Jiangyu Li, Yifei Wan, Jun Huang, Wei Ding. Accurate and efficient Next-Generation Sequencing approach for liquid biopsy detection and monitoring [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2283.

This paper describes the Law of heat transfer between the layers of material and a method for determining the thickness of layers of material parameters of a high temperature protective clothing. Three important choice of protective clothing material and the air gap layer as the research object, based on the Fourier law and the energy conservation law to establish second order partial differential equation, solving the Crank-Nicolson method by second order partial differential equation, derived temperature, time, the relationship between the thickness. Finally, in the case where the heat transfer ANSYS software simulation under the above conditions, a comparative analysis with calculated transfer law, the error is 1.2%, higher accuracy results.

No abstract