Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) posits that Chinese medicinal materials can only be clinically used after being processed and prepared into decoction pieces. Schisandra Chinensis Fructus (derived from the dried and mature fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) has been used as a traditional antiasthmatic, kidney strengthening, and hepatoprotective agent for 2000 years. The results of previous research show that decoction pieces of wine-steamed Schisandra chinensis (WSC) are more effective than raw decoction pieces of Schisandra chinensis (RSC) for treating cough and asthma. Steaming with wine was demonstrated to promote the dissolution of ingredients. However, the relationship between the changes in the components of the decoction pieces of WSC and the therapeutic effect remains unclear. Methods The efficacies of decoctions of RSC and WSC were compared using allergic asthma rats. The potential bioactive components in the serum of the WSC treatment group and the changes in the chemical composition of the RSC decoction pieces before and after wine steaming were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC H-CLASS XEVO TQD) to speculate quality markers (Q-markers) related to the efficacy of WSC, which were subsequently verified based on a zebrafish inflammation model. Results Steaming RSC decoction pieces with wine was found to promote improvement of allergic asthma. Reverse tracing of 22 components detected in the serum of the high dose group of WSC (WSC-H) resulted in 12 ingredients being finally designated as potential effective components. Among these ingredients, 5 components, Schisandrin, Schisandrol B, Schisandrin A, Schisandrin B, and Gomisin D, had higher dissolution rates than RSC after steaming with wine. Validation by an inflammatory zebrafish model showed that these 5 ingredients had a dose-dependent effect and were therefore Q-markers for WSC in the treatment of allergic asthma. Conclusion In this study, changes in the components of decoction pieces of RSC and WSC and Q-markers related to WSC efficacy were identified, providing valuable information for expanding the application of WSC and establishing a specific quality standard for WSC.
Over the past few decades, drug-induced liver damage (DILI) has become a serious public health problem due to drug abuse. Among multifarious reactive oxygen species, mounting evidence attests that ClO− has been used as a potential biomarker in DILI. In this work, a new “turn-on” fluorescent probe 1 was designed and synthesized by modifying 4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-carbonitrile (dye 2) with N, N-dimethylthiocarbamate as a response site for detecting ClO−. Probe 1 displayed a low detection limit (72 nM), fast response time (30 s), wide pH operating range (6–8), great tissue penetration, large Stokes shift (125 nm) and 291-fold fluorescence enhancement at 475 nm in the mapping of ClO−. Probe 1 could trace amounts of exogenous and endogenous ClO− with high sensitivity in MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells. Expectantly, the fluoxetine-induced liver injury model is successfully established, and probe 1 has been used for detecting the fluctuation of ClO− levels in the mouse model of fluoxetine-induced liver injury. All in all, probe 1 with its high specificity, good biological compatibility and liver tissue penetration ability is expected to assist with the early diagnosis of DILI and the clinical screening of various new drugs. We expect that probe 1 could be efficiently used as a powerful molecular tool to predict clinical DILI and explore molecular mechanisms between molecules and disease.
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) posits that Chinese medicinal materials can only be used for clinical use after being processed and prepared into decoction pieces. Schisandra Chinensis Fructus (derived from the dried and mature fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) has been traditionally used as an antiasthmatic, kidney strengthening, and hepatoprotective agent for 2000 years. TCM clinic believes that the decoction pieces of wine-steamed Schisandra chinensis (WSC) is advantageous over the raw decoction pieces of Schisandra chinensis (RSC) for cough and asthma. Studies have shown that steaming with wine can promote the dissolution of ingredients. However, the relationship between the changes of components in the decoction pieces of WSC and the therapeutic effect remains unclear. Methods The efficacy of the decoction of RSC and WSC were compared based on allergic asthma rats. The potential bioactive components in the serum of the WSC treatment group and the changes of chemical composition in the decoction pieces before and after wine steaming were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis to speculate quality markers (Q-markers) related to the efficacy of WSC, which was further verified based on the zebrafish model of inflammation. Results: The results indicated the effect of RSC decoction pieces in improving allergic asthma was increased after being steamed with wine. Moreover, 12 components were detected in the serum of the WSC treatment group, which were conjectured to be the potential effective components. Among them, 5 components, such as Schisandrin, Schisandrol B, Schisandrin A, Schisandrin B, and Gomisin D, have higher dissolution rates than RSC after steaming with wine. The validation test based on the inflammatory zebrafish model showed that these 5 ingredients exerted their effects in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating that they were Q-markers for WSC in the treatment of allergic asthma. Conclusion: This study clarified the changes of components of the decoction pieces of RSC and WSC and the Q-markers related to the WSC efficacy, which provide precious value for expanding the application of WVS and establishing its exclusive quality standard.
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