Background We aimed to investigate the association between red cell index (RCI) and the severity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and compare predictive value of RCI, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for the severity of COPD. Methods A total of 207 participants were recruited (100 COPD patients and 107 healthy controls). COPD patients were divided into two groups according to the optimal cut-off value of RCI determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Pearson’s correlation test, logistic regression analysis and other tests were performed. Results Compared with low RCI group, the forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) and FEV 1 in percent of the predicted value (FEV 1 %) in high RCI group were lower ( p = 0.016, p = 0.001). There was a negative correlation between RCI and FEV 1 % ( r = −0.302, p = 0.004), while no correlation between FEV 1 % and NLR as well as PLR were found. RCI showed higher predictive value than NLR and PLR for predicting Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification (GOLD), with a cut-off value of 1.75 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.729 ( p = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis proved that RCI was an independent factor for lung function in COPD patients (odds ratio [OR] = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.57–11.63, p = 0.004). Conclusion RCI is a novel biomarker that can better assess pulmonary function and severity of COPD than NLR and PLR. Higher RCI is related to deterioration of pulmonary function.

This study aimed to explore the relation between lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (LHR) and pulmonary function of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients compared with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Patients and Methods: In total, 154 participants (n = 77 with COPD and n = 77 without COPD) were recruited. LHR, NLR, PLR, lung function and other data were collected and compared. Pearson's correlation test and the receiver operating characteristics curves were used to compare the utility of LHR, NLR and PLR. Besides, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: COPD patients with poorer lung function had a lower LHR level (P < 0.001). In low LHR group, more patients underwent greater airflow limitation than the other group (P = 0.006). LHR positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second in percent of the predicted value (FEV 1 %) (r = 0.333, P = 0.003). At a cutoff value of 2.08, the sensitivity and specificity of LHR in predicting FEV 1 % < 50 were 93.2% and 55.6%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.770 (P = 0.001) better than NLR and PLR. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was proved that LHR was associated with decreased risk of FEV 1 <50% predicted in COPD patients (odds ratio = 0.198, 95% CI: 0.048-0.811, P = 0.024). Conclusion: In contrast with NLR and PLR, LHR has higher accuracy for predicting pulmonary function in COPD; lower LHR level is independently associated with poorer pulmonary function.

Objective We aimed to clarify the cognitive function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and different nutritional status. Methods Among 95 patients with COPD in this retrospective study, we administered the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We recorded patients’ clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory measurements. According to NRS 2002 scores, patients were divided into two groups: no nutritional risk with NRS 2002 < 3 ( n = 54) and nutritional risk, with NRS 2002 ≥ 3 ( n = 41). Results We found a negative correlation between NRS 2002 and MMSE scores in participants with COPD ( r = −0.313). Patients with nutritional risk were more likely to be cognitively impaired than those with no nutritional risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that malnutrition was an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment, after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio [OR] = 4.120, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.072–15.837). We found a similar association between NRS 2002 and MMSE scores at 90-day follow-up using a Pearson’s correlation test ( r = −0.493) and logistic regression analysis (OR = 7.333, 95% CI: 1.114–48.264). Conclusions Patients with COPD at nutritional risk are more likely to have cognitive impairment.

Objective To assess the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity and bone mineral density (BMD) in the whole body and different body areas. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study included patients with COPD. Demographic and lung function data, COPD severity scales, BMD, and T scores were collected. Patients were grouped by high (≥–1) and low (<–1) T scores, and stratified by body mass index, airway obstruction, dyspnoea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index. The relationship between whole-body BMD and BODE was evaluated by Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient. Risk factors associated with COPD severity were identified by univariate analyses. BMD as an independent predictor of severe COPD (BODE ≥5) was verified by multivariate logistic regression. BMD values in different body areas for predicting severe COPD were assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Of 88 patients with COPD, lung-function indicators and COPD severity were significantly different between those with high and low T scores. Whole-body BMD was inversely related to COPD severity scales, including BODE. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that BMD was independently associated with COPD severity. The area under the curve for pelvic BMD in predicting severe COPD was 0.728. Conclusion BMD may be a novel marker in predicting COPD severity, and pelvic BMD may have the strongest relative predictive power.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has always attracted attention due to its high prevalence and high mortality. How to predict and diagnose COPD and assess the severity of the disease is our top priority. We aimed to evaluate the association between red cell index (RCI) and the severity of COPD, and compare predictive value among RCI, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) of indicating the severity of COPD.Methods: A total of 207 participants were recruited (100 COPD patients and 107 healthy controls). COPD patients were divided into two groups according to receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves cut-off value of RCI (RCI < 1.75, n = 54; RCI > 1.75, n = 46). Pearson’s correlation test, logistic regression analysis and other tests were performed.Results: Compared with low RCI group, the forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1 in percent of the predicted value (FEV1%) of high RCI group decreased (p = 0.016, p = 0.001). There is a negative correlation between RCI and FEV1% (r = -0.302, p = 0.004), while no correlation between FEV1% and NLR and PLR. RCI’s ability to predict Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification, is better than NLR and PLR, with a cut of 1.75, specificity of 85.2%, sensitivity of 57.6% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.729 (p = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis proved RCI was an independent factor affecting lung function in COPD patients (odds ratio [OR] = 4.27, 95%CI: 1.57 - 11.63, p = 0.004). Conclusion: RCI is a novel biomarker that can better assess respiratory function and severity of COPD than NLR and PLR. Higher RCI is independently related to deterioration of respiratory function.

Purpose. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) with BODE and GOLD in stable COPD subjects and to explore the predictive value of PaCO2 for severe COPD (BODE index score ≥5 or GOLD index score ≥3). Patients and Methods. In total, 80 participants with COPD and free from other conditions affecting PaCO2 were recruited. Arterial blood gases, BODE, GOLD, SGRQ, lung function, and other data were collected. The BODE index was calculated, and patients were divided into two groups according to the BODE index and PaCO2 median, respectively. We used Pearson’s correlation test and the receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate the utility of PaCO2. Besides, the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to verify whether PaCO2 was an independent factor associated with BODE grades. Results. COPD subjects with BODE ≥5 and GOLD ≥3 had significantly higher levels of PaCO2 ( p  = 0.004, p  = 0.001, respectively). In the high PaCO2 group, patients underwent poorer outcomes than the low PaCO2 group. PaCO2 was negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second in percent of the predicted value (FEV1%) (r = −0.612, p  < 0.001). The performance of PaCO2 levels in predicting BODE ≥5 and GOLD ≥3 was 0.748 and 0.755, respectively. The logistic regression analyses proved that PaCO2 was associated with BODE ≥5 in COPD patients (odds ratio = 1.160, 95% CI: 1.025–1.313, p  = 0.019). Conclusions. A higher level of PaCO2 was associated with a higher index for BODE or GOLD in COPD and had the predictive value for severe COPD.

Background Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has been a concern all over the world because of its high prevalence and mortality. The ratio of low-density-lipoprotein to lymphocyte (LLR) has been widely used to predict the prognosis of cerebral infarction, but its association with COPD is less known. We aim to explore the relationship between LLR and COPD and to investigate its indicative role in the severity and prognosis of COPD. Methods In this study, 279 participants (n = 138 with COPD and n = 138 age- and sex-matched health control) were recruited. COPD patients were divided into two groups according to the optimal cut-off value of LLR determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). We collected the clinical characteristics, pulmonary function, LLR, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and other data of all subjects. t -test, Pearson correlation test, logistic regression analysis and other statistical analysis were carried out. Results Compared with the healthy control group, COPD patients had a significantly higher LLR level ( p < 0.001). The disease was more serious in the high LLR group, which was reflected by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and BMI, airway obstruction, dyspnoea, severe exacerbations (BODE) index and St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) index ( p = 0.001, p = 0.013, p = 0.011, respectively). The forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV₁) (p = 0.033) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second in percent of the predicted value (FEV₁%) (p = 0.009) in high LLR group were lower. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LLR was an independent factor affecting the severity of COPD patients (odds ratio [OR] = 2.599, 95% CI: 1.266-5.337, p = 0.009). Conclusion We found that LLR is a novel biomarker in predicting the severity of patients with COPD. Further studies with larger database were recommended to verify our findings.

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