The present study examines the three dimensions of the transactional distance theory of Moore and their correlation with student satisfaction, through a quantitative survey with data collected from 115 postgraduate students of the Hellenic Open University (H.O.U). The results indicate that students perceived low levels of teacher-student transactional distance and slightly higher, but still low, levels of student-student and student-content transactional distance. Moreover, they seem to be satisfied by their distant learning studies. Male students perceived lower levels of teacher-student and student-content transactional distance than female ones, while students with previous experience in distance learning perceived lower levels of student-student transactional distance than those without such experience. Statistically significant correlations exist between the three dimensions of transactional distance and satisfaction, with the strongest, negative correlation, observed between satisfaction and student-content transactional distance. Finally, statistically significant and, moderate to low, positive correlations were observed between the three types of transactional distance, indicating their interlinkages.
According to certain assumptions, physical activities all over the world from the antiquity until the 19th century can be considered as the historical origins of modern football (soccer). The present study examines whether and to what extent those assumptions hold true. In order to criticize these assumptions, a discussion whether ancient and premodern activities can be considered as sports is presented. Then, the morphological movement similarity that those activities have with modern football is examined. Finally, a discussion about to what extent the history of these activities is characterized by a continuous developing progress is undertaken. According to our argument these assump tions cannot be supported because the morphological movement similarity of those activities does not immediately imply their placement in the same category when this category refers to the phenomena of civilization. On the contrary, it is the aim those activities serve and, mostly, the meaning attributed to them that constitute the essential elements that need to be examined before arriving at a conclusion that they belong to the same category of the phenomena of civilization. Thus, physical activities all over the world from the antiquity until the 19th century cannot be considered as the historical origins of the modern football.
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