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We propose a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) scheme with counterpumping fiber Brillouin amplification (FBA). High-sensitivity perturbation detection over 100 km is experimentally demonstrated as an example. FBA significantly enhances the probe pulse signal, especially at the second half of the sensing fiber, with only 6.4 dBm pump power. It is confirmed that its amplification efficiency is much higher than 28.0 dBm counterpumping fiber Raman amplification. The FBA Φ-OTDR scheme demonstrated in this work can also be incorporated into other distributed fiber-optic sensing systems for extension of sensing distance or enhancement of sensing signal level.

This pilot study indicates a cocarcinogenic effect of lifelong UMTS exposure (4.8 W/m(2)) in female B6C3F1 descendants subjected to pretreatment with ethylnitrosourea.

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The meaningful discussions we shared on research work and life have indeed made my experience in graduate school more than enjoyable. In addition, I would like to thank other professionals and students who are involved in my research including Dr. Jim Huang from Hewlett Packard Enterprise as well as Sridhar Sivapurapu and Nahid Aslani Amoli from Dr. Swaminathan's group. Many thanks are due to my parents who always stood behind every critical decision I made. I would not have accomplished this milestone without their love, support, and trust. I would like to acknowledge that this material is based, in part, on research sponsored by Air Force Research Laboratory under agreement number FA8650-15-2-5401, as conducted through the flexible hybrid electronics manufacturing innovation institute, NextFlex. ivTABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiv SUMMARY xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND AND LINTERATURE REVIEW 2.1 History of Conformal Antenna and Flexible Printed Antenna 2.2 Mechanical Testing of Flexible Printed Electronics 2.3 Antenna Performance Under Strain CHAPTER 3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE CHAPTER 4. ANTENNA DESIGN AND FABRICATION RESULTS 4.1 Fabrication Process 4.2 Antenna Design in HFSS 4.2.1 Layer Thickness 4.2.2 Material Electrical Properties 4.2.3 HFSS Simulation Setup and Results 4.3 Fabrication Results and Comparison to Simulation CHAPTER 5. MANDREL BENDING TEST AND RESULTS 5.1 Mandrel Bending Test Over Different Sizes of Mandrel 5.1.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure 5.1.2 Experimental Test Results 5.2 Cyclic Mandrel Bending Test over Mandrel Size of 0.625 in. Radius 5.2.1 Experimental Procedure and Results of Sample P1 5.2.2 Experimental Procedure and Results of Sample P2 CHAPTER 6. MECHANICAL FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MANDREL BENDING TEST 6.1 Geometry Modeling 6.2 Material Modeling 6.2.1 Characterization of Printed Silver Ink's Property 6.2.2 Other Materials' Properties 6.3 Loading and Boundary Conditions v 6.4 Initial Meshing Details 6.5 Mesh Convergence and Simulation Results CHAPTER 7. BIAXIAL BENDING TEST AND RESULTS 7.1 Experimental Fixture Design and Setup 7.2 Experimental High-Frequency Measurement Results 7.3 SEM Images Results CHAPTER 8. MECHANICAL FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE BIAXIAL BENDING TEST 8.1 Loading and Boundary Conditions 8.2 Mesh Convergence and Simulation Results CHAPTER 9. Conductivity Change Impact on Patch Antenna's High-Frequency Electrical Behavior 9.1 Updated HFSS Model 9.2 Conductivity Impact on the S11 Response CHAPTER 10. Conclusion, Contributions, and Future Work 10.1 Conclusion 10.2 Contributions 10.3 Future Work REFERENCES CHAPTER 1.

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