Multi-level studies have shown that Rhodiola rosea (RHO) and Caffeine (CAF) have the potential to be nutritional supplements to enhance physical performance in resistance exercise-untrained and -trained subjects. This study examined the synergistic effects of RHO (262.7 mg/kg for rats and 2.4 g for volunteers) and CAF (19.7 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for volunteers) supplementation on improving physical performance in rats, resistance exercise-untrained volunteers and resistance exercise-trained volunteers. Rats and volunteers were randomly grouped into placebo, CAF, RHO and CAF+RHO and administered accordingly with the nutrients during the training procedure, and pre- and post-measures were collected. We found that RHO+CAF was effective in improving forelimb grip strength (13.75%), erythropoietin (23.85%), dopamine (12.65%) and oxygen consumption rate (9.29%) in the rat model. Furthermore, the current results also indicated that the combination of RHO+CAF significantly increased the bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) (16.59%), deep squat 1RM (15.75%), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (14.72%) and maximum repetitions of 60% 1RM bench press (22.15%) in resistance exercise-untrained volunteers. Additionally, despite the excellent base level of the resistance exercise-trained volunteers, their deep squat 1RM and MVIC increased substantially through the synergistic effect of RHO and CAF. In conclusion, combined supplementation of RHO+CAF is more beneficial in improving the resistance exercise performance for both resistance exercise-untrained and -trained volunteers. The present results provide practical evidence that the synergies of RHO and CAF could serve as potential supplementary for individuals, especially resistance exercise-trained subjects, to ameliorate their physical performances effectively and safely.
Studies on the water intake of athletes in daily life are insufficient. The objective was to determine the water intake and hydration status among physically active male young adults. In this cross-sectional studies study, 111 physically active male young adults were recruited. The amount of daily total drinking fluid intake (TDF) among participants was recorded and evaluated in real time over 7 days using the “7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire” (liq. In 7). The daily water intake from food (WFF) was calculated using the weighing, duplicate portion, and direct-drying method over 3 days. All urine samples over 3 days were collected, and urine biomarkers were determined. According to 24 h urine osmolality, the participants were divided into three groups with euhydration status, middle hydration, and hypo hydration statuses. Finally, 109 participants completed the study. The median daily total water intake (TWI), TDF, and WFF were 2701, ik1789, and 955 mL, respectively. Among participants, 17 participants (16%) were in euhydration status, 47 participants (43%) were in hypohydration, and 45 participants (41%) were in middle hydration. There were statistical significances in the 24 h urine volume, osmolality, urine specific gravity, and concentrations of K, Na, and Cl in different hydration statuses (χ2 = 28.212, P < 0.01 ; χ2 = 91.341, P < 0.01 ; χ2 = 47.721, P < 0.01 ; χ2 = 41.548, P < 0.01 ; χ2 = 46.863, P < 0.01 ; and χ2 = 40.839, P < 0.01 ). Moderate-intensity correlations were found between the TDF and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.408, P < 0.01 ; r = -0.378, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.325, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.344, P < 0.01 ; and r = −0.329, P < 0.01 ). There were also moderate-intensity correlations between the TDF and 24 h urine osmolality, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = −0.365, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.371, P < 0.01 ; and r = −0.322, P = 0.01 ). Increased and higher moderate-intensity correlations were found between plain water and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine K and Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.374, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.520, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.312, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.355, P < 0.01 ; r = −0.446, P < 0.01 ; and r = −0.378, P < 0.01 ). Insufficient water intake and hypohydration were common among physically active male young adults. The amount and type of water intake were correlated with hydration status and urine biomarkers. The results could provide scientific and accurate references for the development of recommendations on water intake for athletes.
Studies on the water intake of athletes in daily life are insufficient. The objective was to determine the water intake and hydration status among physically active male young adults. In this cross-sectional studies study, 111 physically active male young adults were recruited. The amount of daily total drinking fluid intake (TDF) among participants was recorded and evaluated in real time over 7 days using the “7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire” (liq. In7). The daily water intake from food (WFF) was calculated using the weighing, duplicate portion and direct-drying method over 3 days. All urine samples over 3 days were collected, and urine biomarkers were determined. According to 24-h urine osmolality, the participants were divided into three groups with Euhydrated status, middle hydration and hypohydration statuses. Finally, 109 participants completed the study. The median daily total water intake (TWI), TDF and WFF were 2701, 1789 and 955 mL, respectively. Among participants, 17 participants (16%) were in Euhydrated status, 47 participants (43%) were in hypohydration, and 45 participants (41%) were in middle hydration. There were statistical significances in the 24-h urine volume, osmolality, urine specific gravity, and concentrations of K, Na and Cl in different hydration statuses (χ2 = 28.212, P < 0.01; χ2 = 91.341, P < 0.01; χ2 = 47.721, P < 0.01; χ2 = 41.548, P < 0.01; χ2 = 46.863, P < 0.01; χ2 = 40.839, P < 0.01). Moderate-intensity correlations were found between the TDF and 24-h urine volume, 24-h urine osmolality, 24-h urine Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.408, P < 0.01; r=-0.378, P < 0.01; r=-0.325, P < 0.01; r=-0.344, P < 0.01; r=-0.329, P < 0.01). There were also moderate intensity correlations between the TDF and 24-h urine osmolality, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r=-0.365, P < 0.01; r=-0.371, P < 0.01; r=-0.322, P = 0.01). Increased and higher moderate-intensity correlations were found between plain water and 24-h urine volume, 24-h urine osmolality, 24-h urine K and Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.374, P < 0.01; r=-0.520, P < 0.01; r=-0.312, P < 0.01; r=-0.355, P < 0.01; r=-0.446, P < 0.01; r=-0.378, P < 0.01). Insufficient water intake and hypohydration were common among physically active male young adults. The amount and type of water intake was correlated with hydration status and urine biomarkers.
The Kiss1/GPR54 system is a multifunctional genetic system with an essential role in regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. In the mammalian hypothalamus, two major populations of neurons, the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC), produced kisspeptin. Kiss1ARC neurons input kisspeptin and glutamate to feeding-associated neurons to regulate energy intake and expenditure balance. Kisspeptin in the peripheral circulation is involved in lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. In the hepatic and pancreatic circuits, kisspeptin signaling affects insulin secretion, suggesting the critical role of the Kiss1/GPR54 system in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, this review also predicts the role of the Kiss1/GPRS4 system in skeletal muscle in association with exercise performance. Recent studies have focused on the link between kisspeptin signaling and energy homeostasis, further investigation of potential function is warranted. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of the Kiss1/GPRS4 system in the major metabolic organs in relation to energy metabolism homeostasis, aiming to endow the reader with a critical and updated view of the Kiss1/GPR54 system in energy metabolism.
Objective To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Chinese elite athletes about fluid replacement and urination. Methods A cross-section study was carried out among Chinese national and national youth teams from March to April 2020, using a pretested questionnaire. The 42-questions questionnaire was designed to assess the KAP regarding fluid replacement and urination. The questionnaire included knowledge of fluid replacement (KFR), attitudes of fluid replacement (AFR), knowledge of urination (KU), and attitudes of urination (AU), which were awarded 20 scoring points. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, Multiple linear stepwise regression and Chi-square test were performed. Results A total of 779 valid questionnaires were collected and the effective rate is 98.4%. We finally conducted an assessment of 646 questionnaires of elite athletes. The mean score for KFR, AFR, KU, and AU was 2.8±1.3, 2.3±0.6, 3.0±1.5, and 2.1±0.8, respectively, with higher scores indicating positive hydration knowledge and attitudes. KFR and AFR scores of winter sports athletes were higher than those of summer sports athletes(P<0.05). Athletes who had lower athletic grades and training years had a worse KFR(P<0.05). Only 31.0% athletes knew that rehydration should be carried out before, during, and after training, which was scarcer among women, lower-athletic grades athletes, or athletes with lower training years (P<0.05). Male athletes had a worse KU but a better AU than female athletes(P<0.05). And athletes who were international-class athletic grades had the highest KU scores(P<0.05). The athletic grades and sport events were the main factors influencing the total scores of knowledge and attitudes (P<0.05, 95% CI -0.789–-0.168,95% CI 0.025–1.040). Most of athletes tend to get hydration knowledge from internet. In practices, thirst is the main reason for rehydration (77.9%). The percentages of athletes with normal urine color (42.0%), frequency (75.0%,) and volume (20.0%) were low. Conclusions These findings indicate that Chinese elite athletes did not have sufficient KAP on fluid replacement and urination, more marked in the individuals who were summer sport events, the lower athletic grades and in lower training years. It is recommended that education should be provided in the early stages of professional training for athletes.
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