BackgroundThe association between blood lipids and cognitive function in schizophrenia is still controversial. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the association between various lipid parameters and cognitive impairment in schizophrenic patients and potential lipid pathways.MethodsA total of 447 adult inpatients with schizophrenia were divided into cognitive normal and cognitive impairment groups based on the Mini-Mental State Examination with a cut-off of 26. The blood lipid parameters were defined as abnormal levels based on the guideline. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used to preliminarily explore the potential lipid metabolism pathway associated with cognitive impairment.ResultsThere were 368 (82.3%) patients who had cognitive impairment. Herein, apolipoprotein B was positively associated with cognitive function in overall patients and age (≥45 and <45 years) and sex subgroups. After excluding patients with hypertension and diabetes, ApoB was still significantly associated with cognitive function in all the patients. The associations between other lipid parameters, including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, and cognitive impairment were heterogeneous in age and sex subgroups. In contrast, total cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 were not significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Metabolomics analysis showed that metabolic pathway mainly involved sphingolipid metabolism. Meanwhile, sphinganine and 3-dehydrosphinganine were positively correlated with lipid parameters and decreased in patients with cognitive impairment as compared to those with normal cognition.ConclusionsThe present study suggests a positive association between lipids and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients and needs to be further verified by a prospective study.

Background: Existing evidence concerning the relationship between daytime napping and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent, and whether the effects of napping differ by body fat percentage (BFP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between daytime napping frequency and T2D risk and whether such an association was modified by BFP and CRP. Methods: We included 435 342 participants free of diabetes from the UK Biobank. Participants were categorized as nonnappers, occasional nappers, and frequent nappers based on napping frequency, and BFP/CRP was divided into quartiles. Cox proportional hazards models were used. Results: During a median follow-up of 9.2 years, 17 592 T2D cases occurred.Higher frequency of daytime napping was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2D. Compared with nonnappers, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for occasional nappers and habitual nappers were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-1.32) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.41-1.57), respectively. There was a significant additive and multiplicative interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 0.490, 95% CI 0.307-0.673; p for multiplicative interaction <.001) between napping and BFP, whereby a higher hazard of T2D associated

Background The combined effect of serum uric acid (SUA) and blood glucose on cognition has not been explored. This study aimed to examine the separate and combined association of SUA and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or diabetes mellitus (DM) with cognition in a sample of Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. Methods A total of 6,509 participants aged 45 years or older who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011) were included. The three cognitive domains assessed were episodic memory, mental status, and global cognition (the sum of the first two terms). Higher scores indicated better cognition. SUA and FPG were measured. The participants were grouped based on SUA and FPG quartiles to evaluate their combined associations of cognition with SUA Q1–Q3 only (Low SUA), with FPG Q4 only (High FPG), without low SUA and high FPG levels (Non), and with low SUA and high FPG levels (Both), multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze their association. Results Lower SUA quartiles were associated with poorer performance in global cognition and episodic memory compared with the highest quartile. Although no association was found between FPG or DM and cognition, high FPG or DM combined with low SUA levels in women (βFPG = -0.983, 95% CI: -1.563–-0.402; βDM = -0.800, 95% CI: -1.369–-0.232) had poorer cognition than those with low SUA level only (βFPG = -0.469, 95% CI: -0.926–-0.013; βDM = -0.667, 95% CI: -1.060–-0.275). Conclusion Maintaining an appropriate level of SUA may be important to prevent cognitive impairment in women with high FPG.

BackgroundPrevious studies involving uric acid (UA) in some specialized disease populations have found that high UA is associated with enhanced patient function. The mechanism to explain this association may be that UA, an important antioxidant, exerts neuroprotective effects. Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have severe oxidative stress abnormalities, and cognitive impairment is a major obstacle to their rehabilitation. Only few studies have been conducted on UA and cognitive impairment in SCZ. This study aims to clarify the relationship between UA and cognitive impairment and explore whether UA could be used as a potential biological marker of cognition in SCZ during maintenance period.MethodsA total of 752 cases of SCZ during maintenance period from Baiyun Jingkang Hospital were included. Cognition was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination scale. UA was measured using the Plus method. The participants were grouped on the basis of UA to evaluate the association of cognition with low-normal (3.50–5.07 mg/dL for men, 2.50–4.19 mg/dL for women), middle-normal (5.07–6.39 mg/dL for men, 4.19–5.18 mg/dL for women), high-normal (6.39–7.00 mg/dL for men, 5.18–6.00 mg/dL for women), and high (&gt;7.00 mg/dL for men, &gt;6.00 mg/dL for women) levels of UA. Multiple logistic regression and linear regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were utilized to evaluate the relationship.ResultsUric acid was positively associated with cognitive function. Subgroup analyses showed that high UA was associated with enhanced cognition in participants with low anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB).ConclusionUric acid may be used as a simple objective biological indicator to assess cognition in SCZ during maintenance period.

The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment remains controversial, especially in older people. This study aims to confirm the association of phenotypic and genetic obesity with cognitive impairment and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle. This prospective study included 10,798 participants (aged ≥ 50 years) with normal cognitive function from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. Participants were divided into low (lowest quintile), intermediate (quintiles 2–4), and high (highest quintile) groups according to their polygenic risk score (PRS) for BMI. The risk of cognitive impairment was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Higher PRS for BMI was associated with an increased risk, whereas phenotypic obesity was related to a decreased risk of cognitive impairment. Never smoking, moderate drinking, and active physical activity were considered favourable and associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment compared with current smoking, never drinking, and inactive, respectively. A favourable lifestyle was associated with a low risk of cognitive impairment, even in subjects with low BMI and high PRS for BMI. This study suggest that regardless of obesity status, including phenotypic and genetic, adhering to a favourable lifestyle is beneficial to cognitive function.

Background Research on the association of physical activity and sedentary time with dementia is accumulating, though elusive, and the interaction effects of the two remain unclear. We analysed the joint associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with risk of incident dementia (all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia). Methods A total of 90,320 individuals from the UK Biobank were included. Accelerometer-measured total volume of physical activity (TPA) and sedentary time were measured at baseline and dichotomised by median (low TPA [< 27 milli-gravity (milli-g)], high TPA [≥ 27 milli-g]; low sedentary time [< 10.7 h/day], high sedentary time [≥ 10.7 h/day]). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the joint associations with incident dementia on both additive and multiplicative scales. Results During a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 501 cases of all-cause dementia were identified. Higher TPA was associated with a lower risk of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia; the multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) per 10 milli-g increase were 0.63 (0.55–0.71), 0.74 (0.60–0.90) and 0.69 (0.51–0.93), respectively. Sedentary time was only found to be linked to all-cause dementia, and the HR for high sedentary time was 1.03 (1.01–1.06) compared with that for low sedentary time. No additive and multiplicative relationship of TPA and sedentary time to incident dementia was found (all P values > 0.05). Conclusion Higher TPA level was related to a lower risk of incident dementia irrespective of sedentary time, which highlighted the implication of promoting physical activity participation to counteract the potential detrimental effect of sedentary time on dementia.

BackgroundArterial stiffness contributes to additional cardiovascular risks in diabetic patients by triggering the loss of vascular and myocardial compliance and promoting endothelial dysfunction. Thus, prevention of arterial stiffness is a public health priority, and the identification of potential biomarkers may provide benefits for early prevention. This study investigates the relationships between serum laboratory tests and pulse wave velocity (PWV) tests. We also investigated the associations between PWV and all‐cause mortality.MethodsWe examined a panel of 33 blood biomarkers among diabetic populations in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. The carotid‐femoral (cfPWV) and femoral‐ankle PWV (faPWV) were measured using an automated cardiovascular screening device. The aortic‐femoral arterial stiffness gradient (afSG) was calculated as faPWV divided by cfPWV. Biomarker levels were log‐transformed and correlated with PWV. Cox proportional hazard models were employed for survival analysis.ResultsAmong 1079 diabetic patients, biomarkers including high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, high‐sensitivity troponin T, cystatin C, creatinine, and albuminuria were significantly correlated with afSG (R = 0.078, −0.193, −0.155, −0.153, −0.116, and −0.137, respectively) and cfPWV (R = −0.068, 0.175, 0.128, 0.066, 0.202, and 0.062, respectively). Compared with the lowest tertile of afSG, the risk of all‐cause mortality was lower in the highest tertile (hazard ratio 0.543; 95% confidence interval 0.328–0.900).ConclusionCertain biomarkers related to blood glucose monitoring, myocardial injury, and renal function significantly correlated with PWV, suggesting that these putative risk factors are likely to be important atherosclerosis mechanisms in diabetic patients. AfSG may be an independent predictor of mortality among diabetic populations.

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